Pancreatic Cancer Treatment in India

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PANCREATIC CANCER   Pancreatic cancer is a
disease in which normal cells in the pancreas
malfunction and begin to grow uncontrollably.
These cancerous cells can eventually interfere
with proper functioning of the pancreas and
metastasize (spread) to other parts of the
body. The pancreas is a pear-shaped gland
located in the abdomen between the stomach and
the spine. It is about 6 inches in length and is
composed of two major components exocrine and
endocrine. The exocrine component, made up of
ducts and acini (small sacs on the end of the
ducts), produce enzymes, which are specialized
proteins released into the small intestine that
help the body digest and break down food,
particularly fats. It is the cells lining these
pancreatic ducts that most frequently turn
cancerous. These are called ductal
adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and represent the
most common subtype of pancreatic cancer. 

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• Types of Pancreatic Cancer
• Pancreatic cancer can be categorized into
  different types that depend on whether or not the
  cancer began in the endocrine or exocrine
  component. Pancreatic cancer types include
• Endocrine Tumors  Endocrine tumors also referred
  to as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) or
  islet cell tumors are not so common as compared
  to exocrine tumors. A pancreatic neuroendocrine
  tumor could be non-functioning that means it does
  not make any hormones or it could also be
  functioning that means it can make hormones. The
  base of a functioning neuroendocrine tumor is on
  the hormone that cells usually make
• PPomas
• Insulinoma
• VIPomas
• Gastrinoma
• Glucagonoma
• Somatostatinoma

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• Exocrine Tumors They are considered as the most
  common type of pancreatic cancer. Adenocarcinoma
  that begins in gland cells is mostly seen in
  around 95 people who are suffering from
  pancreatic cancer. Ductal Adenocarcinoma is the
  ducts of the pancreas from where the tumor
  typically begins. Rarely when tumor starts in the
  acini then it is termed as acinar Adenocarcinoma.
• Some of the other rare tumors of the pancreas are
  
• Lymphoma
• Acinar Cell Carcinomas
• Cystic Tumors
• Neuroendocrine tumors

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How Pancreatic Cancer is Diagnosed? Computed
tomography (CT scan) A scanner takes multiple
X-ray pictures, and a computer reconstructs them
into detailed images of the inside of the
abdomen. A CT scan helps doctors make a
pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) Using magnetic waves, a scanner
creates detailed images of the abdomen, in
particular the area around the pancreas, liver,
and gallbladder. Ultrasound  Harmless sound
waves reflected off organs in the belly create
images, potentially helping doctors make a
pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Positron emission
tomography (PET scan) Radioactive glucose
injected into the veins is absorbed by cancer
cells. PET scans may help determine the degree of
pancreatic cancer spread.

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Percutaneous needle biopsy  Under imaging
guidance, a radiologist inserts a needle into the
mass, capturing some tissue. This procedure is
also called a fine needle aspiration
(FNA). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogr
aphy (ERCP) A flexible tube with a camera and
other tools on its end (endoscope) is put through
the mouth to the small intestine, near the
pancreas. ERCP can collect images from the area,
as well as take a small biopsy with a
brush. Endoscopic ultrasound  Similar to ERCP,
an endoscope is placed near the pancreas. An
ultrasound probe on the endoscope locates the
mass, and a needle on the endoscope plucks some
tissue from the mass. Laparoscopy is a surgical
procedure that uses several small incisions.
Using laparoscopy, a surgeon can collect tissue
for biopsy, as well as see inside the abdomen to
determine if pancreatic cancer has spread.
However, laparoscopy has higher risks than other
biopsy approaches.

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Stages of Pancreatic Cancer Stage is a term used
in cancer treatment to describe the extent of
spread of the cancer. The stages of pancreatic
cancer are used to guide treatment and to
classify patients for clinical trials. The stages
of pancreatic cancer are Stage 0  No spread.
Pancreatic cancer is limited to a single layer of
cells in the pancreas. The pancreatic cancer is
not visible on imaging tests or even to the naked
eye. Stage I  Local growth. Pancreatic cancer
is limited to the pancreas, but has grown to less
than 2 centimeters across (stage IA) or greater
than 2 centimeters (stage IB). Stage II  Local
spread. Pancreatic cancer has grown outside the
pancreas, or has spread to nearby lymph
nodes. Stage III  Wider spread. The tumor has
expanded into nearby major blood vessels or
nerves but has not metastasized. Stage IV
 Confirmed spread. Pancreatic cancer has spread
to distant organs.

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Pancreatic Cancer Treatment and Surgery in
India The treatment of pancreatic cancer depends
on the size and location of the tumor, whether
the cancer has spread, and the person's overall
health. In many cases, a team of doctors will
work with the patient to determine the best
treatment plan. The current treatment options for
pancreatic cancer are surgery, radiation therapy,
or chemotherapy. All of these treatments may be
used at any stage of the disease, whether it is
an early cancer or an advanced cancer. Surgery S
urgery may involve removing all or part of the
pancreas, depending on the location and size of
the cancer within the pancreas. If the cancer is
still confined to the pancreas' head, or widest
part of the pancreas, the surgeon may perform a
Whipple procedure. This is an extensive operation
where the surgeon removes the head of the
pancreas and part of the small intestine, bile
duct, and stomach, and then reconnects the
digestive tract and biliary system. An
experienced surgeon should perform this procedure.

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Different types of surgery are performed
depending on the purpose of the
surgery Laparoscopy. Sometimes, the surgeon may
choose to start with a laparoscopy. During a
laparoscopy, several small holes are made in the
abdomen and a tiny camera is passed into the body
while a patient receives anesthesia, which is
medication to help block the awareness of pain.
This helps the surgeon find out if the cancer has
spread to other parts of the abdomen. If it has,
surgery to remove the primary tumor is generally
not recommended.

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• Surgery to remove the tumor. Different types of
  surgery are used depending on where the tumor is
  located in the pancreas. In all of the surgeries
  discussed below, nearby lymph nodes are removed
  as part of the operation. More than one type of
  surgeon, as well as other specialists, will
  usually be involved in your surgery.
• If the cancer is located only in the head of the
  pancreas, the surgeon may do a Whipple procedure.
  This is an extensive surgery in which the surgeon
  removes the head of the pancreas and part of the
  small intestine, bile duct, and stomach, and then
  reconnects the digestive tract and biliary
  system. An experienced pancreatic cancer surgeon
  should perform this procedure.
• If the cancer is located in the tail of the
  pancreas, the common operation is a distal
  pancreatectomy, in which the surgeon removes the
  tail and body of the pancreas, as well as the
  spleen.
• If the cancer has spread throughout the
  pancreas, or is located in many areas in the
  pancreas, a total pancreatectomy may be needed. A
  total pancreatectomy is the removal of the entire
  pancreas, part of the small intestine, a portion
  of the stomach, the common bile duct, the
  gallbladder, the spleen, and nearby lymph nodes.

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What is the Targeted Therapy for Pancreatic
Cancer? Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that
uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells,
either by killing the cells or by stopping the
cells from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken
by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the
drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer
cells throughout the body (systemic
chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed
directly into the spinal column, an organ, or a
body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly
affect cancer cells in those areas (regional
chemotherapy). The way the chemotherapy is given
depends on the type and stage of the cancer being
treated. 

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• Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer
• Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses
  high-energy radiation beams to kill cancer cells.
  There are two types of radiation
  therapy. External radiation therapy uses a
  machine outside the body to send radiation toward
  the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses
  a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds,
  wires, or catheters that are placed directly into
  or near the cancer.
• Targeted Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer
• More recently, the era of targeted therapies has
  generated a lot of interest in discovering better
  approaches for patients with pancreatic cancer.
  Targeted therapy uses drugs that attack specific
  abnormalities within cancer cells. Targeted
  therapies can work by
• Blocking the process that changes normal cells
  into cancer, thereby stopping the
• abnormal growth behavior of a tumor
• Preventing the formation of blood vessels that
  bring nutrients to the tumor

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FAQ - Pancreatic Cancer Treatment in India How
will doctor know if I have Pancreatic Cancer? The
doctor may perform a number of procedures,
including one or more of the following like,
Whipple's Operation, Pylorus, Distal
Pancreatectomy etc to confirm the cancer. Visit
our website to know more. Which is the Best
Hospital in India for treatment of Pancreatic
Cancer? India has not one but many better than
the best hospitals for cancer treatment. Mail us
your medical report and we will find the hospital
most suitable to treat your medical
condition. Is it safe to get Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment and Surgery in India? The medical
fraternity in India is famed for excellence, and
leads in Cancer surgeries. Thousands of cancer
operations are performed in India each year with
maximum success rate, making the safety
obvious. What are the side effects of Pancreatic
Cancer treatment? Side effects of pancreatic
cancer treatment vary depending on the type of
treatment. For example, radiation treatment side
effects include fatigue, and diarrhea.
Chemotherapy side effects can include fatigue,
loss of appetite, change in taste etc.

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