punjal thrust pakistan

1
Punjal Thrust
2
Presented By

• Huzaifa Athar Rasul
• Aqeel Abbas Magsi
• Sidduque Gohar Rehman

3
Presentation Content

• What is thrust?
• Thrust Fault in Pakistan
• Introduction
• History of Punjal thrust
• Geological Age
• Location
• Lithology
• Siesmic Activity

4
What is thrust fault?

• Reverse Dip-slip fault
• Results from horizontal compressional forces
  caused by shortening or contraction of the Earth
  crust. The hanging wall moves up and over the
  foot wall.
• Thrust fault are reverse faults that dip less
  than 45 degree.

5
Thrust Faults in Pakistan

• Following are the major thrust faults in
  Pakistan.

6

• Our main interest is in punjal thrust. Is shown
  in fig.

7
Introduction

• Punjal thust fault is a significant active
  tectonic fault. This fault meets the khairabad
  fault situated on northern attock chirat range,
  therefore it is also known as punjal-khairabad
  thrust.
• A major thrust fault, the punjal-khairabad fault,
  divides the NW Himalayan sequence into deformed
  southern zone, often referred to as the external
  or foreland zone and a deformed and metamorphosed
  northern zone, also known as the hinterland zone.
  The foreland zone is comprised of Hazara-Kashmir
  syntaxes , salt range and kohat potowar fold belt
  and kurram chirat margalla thrust belt, whereas
  the hinterland zone comprises the Himalayan
  crystalline nappe and thrust belt.
• The Panjal Thrust is an extension of the Main
  Central Thrust (MCT)

8
(No Transcript)
9
History

• The Panjal Range in Kashmir is the type section
  of the Panjal Group of rocks which have been
  studied in the pre-Independence days by Lyddekar
  (1876) who named it the Panjal System, whereas
  Middlemiss (1890) called these rocks an
  assemblage of the Lower Panjal Agglomeratic
  Slates. Wadia (1931) first assigned these rocks
  the name Panjal Group which is still being
  retained in the geological literature.

10
Geological age

• The himalayn crystalline belt or hinterland zone
  is comprised of Precambrian to early Mesozoic
  metamorohic and igneous rocks.
• The khurram chirat margalla thrust belt of
  foreland zone is comprised of largely
  un-metamorphosed Precambrian to Paleogene rocks.
• Further to south The kohat potowar region is
  characterized by Paleogene and Precambrian
  evaporates.

11
Location

• The punjal thrust structure is sited parallel to
  MBT on the eastern limb of syntaxes.
• The punjal thrust probably seperates from MBT
  about 6km south of Blakot and continuous beneath
  Kaghan valley alluvium upto garhi-habibullah.
• The panjal Thrust (PT) extends uninterrupted from
  the Panjal Range towards NNE(north north-east)
  through Poonch, Reshian and follows the eastern
  limb of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis and
  terminates at its apex in Kaghan valley.

12
Location represent by fig.
13
Lithology

• The Panjal Range in Kashmir is the type section
  of the Panjal Group of rocks
• In the Panjal Thrust the Precambrian Salkhalas
  thrust over the Permo-Triassic Panjal Group.
• The Panjal Group consists of agglomeratic slates-
  dolomitic limestone- marble- quartzitic sandstone
  to volcanic rocks
• . The Panjal Group consists of thick rock
  sequence with variegated lithology, ranging from
  agglomeratic slates- dolomitic limestone- marble-
  quartzitic sandstone to volcanic rocks, the
  latter known as Panjal Traps

14
Siesmic Activity

• Along the eastern limb of the synatxis, PT shows
  cluster of epicenters ranging in magnitudes
  between 4 and 5 on the Richter scale. Several
  events of magnitudes gt5 and two of 6-6.4 as the
  post-shocks of October, 2005 earthquake are new
  addition to the seismic domain of the eastern
  limb of syntaxis, which is traversed by both PT
  and MBT.
• The seismic activity at PT is shown by figure
  previously shown.