About Solar Inverter

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A Solar Inverter
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A Solar Inverter
Introduction

• The main aim of this project is to use solar
  energy for household loads using an inverter.
  Solar energy is converted to electrical energy by
  photo-voltaic(PV) cells. This energy is stored
  in batteries during day time for the utilization
  purpose whenever required.
• A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the
  direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic
  solar panel into a utility frequency alternating
  current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial
  electrical grid or used by a local, off-line
  electrical network.

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A Solar Inverter
Project Block Diagram
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A Solar Inverter
Solar inverters may be classified into three
broad types

• Stand-alone inverters
• Grid-tie inverters
• Battery backup inverters

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A Solar Inverter
Stand-Alone Inverters

• It is used in isolated systems.
• The inverter draws its DC energy from batteries
  charged by photovoltaic arrays.
• Many stand-alone inverters also incorporate
  integral battery chargers to replenish the
  battery from an AC source.
• Normally these do not interface in any way with
  the utility grid.
• It does not required to have anti-islanding
  protection.

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A Solar Inverter
Grid-Tie Inverters

• It match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave.
  
• Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down
  automatically upon loss of utility supply.
• They do not provide backup power during utility
  outages.
• Grid tie inverter converts DC power produced by
  PV array to AC power.

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A Solar Inverter
Battery Backup Inverters

• These are special inverters which are designed to
  draw energy from a battery.
• It manage the battery charge via an on board
  charger, and export excess energy to the utility
  grid.
• These inverters are capable of supplying AC
  energy to selected loads during a utility outage
• The battery backup inverters are also required to
  be installed with an anti-islanding protection.

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A Solar Inverter
Hardware Requirements

• Bridge-MOSFETs drive
• Step up Transformer
• Voltage regulator
• MOSFET driver
• PWM inverter IC
• Solar Panel
• Battery

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A Solar Inverter
Battery

• An electrical battery is a combination of one or
  more electrochemical cells, used to convert
  stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
• The battery has become a common power source for
  many household, robotics and industrial
  applications.
• Larger batteries provide standby power for
  telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

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A Solar Inverter
PWM Inverter IC

• The PWM Inverter is used to develop the PWM
  pulses based on a fixed frequency using common
  oscillator.
• The IC SG3524 operates at a fixed frequency, the
  oscillation frequency is determined by one timing
  resistor RT and one timing capacitor CT.
• The SG3524 contains an inbuilt 5V regulator that
  supplies as a reference voltage, also providing
  the SG3524 internal regulator control circuitry.

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A Solar Inverter
PWM Inverter IC

• Comparator provides a linear control of the
  output pulse width (duration) by the error
  amplifier.
• The resultant PWM pulse from the comparator is
  passed to the corresponding output pass
  transistor (Q1, Q2 refer block diagram) using the
  pulse steering flip flop, which is synchronously
  toggled by the oscillator output.

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A Solar Inverter
Inverter IC Block Diagram
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A Solar Inverter
MOSFET(IRF 510)

• The metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect
  transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a
  device used for amplifying or switching
  electronic signals.
• The basic principle of the device a voltage on
  the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a
  conducting channel between the two other contacts
  called source and drain.
• It is by far the most common transistor in both
  digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar
  junction transistor was at one time much more
  common.

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A Solar Inverter
BC547 (NPN Transistor)

• The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon
  Transistor.
• It is used in general-purpose switching and
  amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN
  general-purpose transistors.
• The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the
  DC Current Gain of the device and is given the
  symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (ß).

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A Solar Inverter
BC547 (NPN Transistor)

• The current gain from the emitter to the
  collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (a),
  and is a function of the transistor itself

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A Solar Inverter
Solar Panel

• Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb
  the sun's rays as a source of energy for
  generating electricity.
• Solar Panel is an array of Several solar cells
  (Photovoltaic cells).
• The arrays can be formed by connecting them in
  parallel or series connection depending upon the
  energy required.

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A Solar Inverter
Working of Solar Panel and Inverter

• Expose the cell to light, and the energy from
  each photon (light particle) hitting the silicon,
  will liberate an electron and a corresponding
  hole.
• If this happens within range of the electric
  fields influence, the electrons will be sent to
  the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting
  in yet further disruption of electrical
  neutrality.
• This flow of electrons is a current the
  electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and
  the product of these two is power.
• The solar energy is stored in the battery from
  Photo-Voltaic cells.

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A Solar Inverter
Working of Solar Panel and Inverter

• This stored energy of the battery is converted to
  AC supply of 50Hz frequency using PWM inverter IC
  with MOSFET gate driver IC to the driver MOSFET
  bridge and step-up the voltage by a transformer.

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A Solar Inverter
Needs Of Solar Power

• Electricity rate has hiked in last four years.
• We need to focus on alternate option because of
  environmental concerns.
• It has several advantages over other forms of
  electricity generation.

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A Solar Inverter
About The Inverter

• This energy generated by the panel, in the form
  of direct current (DC), is transmitted to the
  inverter. The job of the inverter is to convert
  the DC power the solar panel has generated to
  alternating current (AC) that is transmitted on
  the grid. The inverter converts DC to AC by using
  two switches which convert the positive only DC
  power to an alternating positive to negative AC
  power.
• The inverter will then step up the voltage from
  12 volts to 120volts, which is the voltage used
  throughout the US electrical grid. This
  conversion of voltage is what allows a 12 volt DC
  solar polar to be tied into a 120 volt AC grid.

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A Solar Inverter
Advantage

• High efficiency and outstanding energy harvest in
  a small modular design.
• Ease of installation to save time and money.
• Is compatible with other GT Series models to
  customize the inverters to the array.
• Central and micro inverters can be up to 95
  efficient.

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A Solar Inverter
Disadvantage

• Cental inverters is difficult to do properly and
  is usually the hardest part of designing a solar
  array.
• For central inverter, the output from your whole
  array can drop significantly, if any one of the
  panel is shaded.
• Another weakness of a central inverter is that
  you wont be able to monitor how each individual
  panel is performing.
• Micro inverters are more expensive.

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A Solar Inverter
Applications

• Can use Solar Inverter for domestic application.
• It can be plugs in your house for your TV,
  computer, and other wired products.
• Can use Solar Power Inverters For Industrial
  Application.

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A Solar Inverter
Conclusion

• Inverters are usually about 95 efficient.
  Inverters play a significant role in providing
  alternate current supplies at the times of
  crucial power requirements. The primary use of
  solar inverters is to convert direct current to
  alternating current through an electrical
  switching process.

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