legal translation (1)

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Sentence word order
The order of words is essential to the meaning of
a sentence We have to distinguish carefully
between the subject-group and the verb-group (or
predicate) The predicate is what is said about
the subject, i e it is all the words in a
sentence except the subject subject group verb
group (predicate) The dog bit the man
The man bit the dog
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The sentence definitions of key terms
No discussion of the sentence is possible without
an understanding of the terms finite verb,
phrase, clause and sentence
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• A finite verb must normally have
• - a subject (which may be 'hidden') e g He makes
  They arrived We know Open the door (i e You open
  the door)
• a tense e g He has finished
• She will write They
  succeeded
• So, for example, he writes she wrote and he has
  written are finite, but written, by itself, is
  not Made is finite if used in the past tense and
  if it has a subject (He made this for me), but it
  is not if it is used as a past participle without
  an auxiliary (made in Germany) The infinitive (e
  g to write) or the present and past participles
  (e g writing written) can never be finite Modal
  verbs are also finite, even though they do not
  have tense forms like other verbs e g he must
  (wait) he may (arrive), as are imperatives e g
  Stand up!

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A phrase is a group of words which can be part
of a sentence A phrase may take the form of - a
noun phrase e g a tube of toothpaste - a
prepositional (or adverbial) phrase e g over the
bridge - a verb phrase, e g a single verb-form
built (in stone) or a combination of verbs e g
will tell have done - a question-word
infinitive e g what to do when to go
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A clause is a group of words consisting of a
subject finite verb ( complement or object if
necessary)
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A sentence which contains one clause is called a
simple sentence Stephen apologized at once Or
it may contain more than one clause, in which
case it is either a compound sentence Stephen
realized his mistake and (he) apologized at once
or a complex sentence When he realized his
mistake Stephen apologized at once
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A sentence can take any one of four forms - a
statement The shops close/don t close at 7
tonight - a question Do the shops close at 7
tonight? - a command Shut the door! - an
exclamation What a slow tram this is!
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A sentence is a complete unit of meaning When we
speak, our sentences may be extremely involved or
even unfinished, yet we can still convey our
meaning through intonation, gesture, facial
expression, etc When we write, these devices are
not available, so sentences have to be carefully
structured and punctuated A written sentence must
begin with a capital letter and end with a full
stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation
mark (!)
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One-word or abbreviated utterances can also be
complete units of meaning, particularly in speech
or written dialogue e g All right Good
Want any help? However, these are not real
sentences because they do not contain a finite
verb
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