Complete Immunology for Medical Students

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IMMUNOLOGY

• IMEC INC.
• Quick Learning
• Technique

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Immunoglobulins
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Immunoglobulins

• The plasma proteins can be separated into
  different fractions by electrophoresis. The
  slowest migrating fraction is called
  gammaglobulins.
• Immunoglobulin is by definition protein with
  antibody activity.
• The molecules are built from 4 polypeptide chains
  linked together with disulfide bonds. 2 of the
  chains are called light chains (L-chains) and the
  other heavy chains (H-chains). The light ones are
  of 2 types, K and L, and they are common for all
  immunoglobulins.
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IgG

• IgG is the antibody existing in serum to the
  largest amount and it takes over from IgM during
  long lasting antigen influence.

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IgG
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IgM

• IgM is the first created immunoglobulin when the
  organism is affected by an antigen. It has a very
  great bonding ability, totally 10 connection
  points per molecule. IgM complement and acts
  mainly because of this bonding.
• REFER TO ORIGINAL SLIDE

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IgE

• IgE is found in low concentration in serum but is
  responsible for a variety of allergic reactions.

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IgA

• IgA is bound to the secratory system and is
  found in salvia, intestinals, lungs and also
  highly concentrated in colostrum (mother's milk).
  
• IgA is of great importance to the projection of
  our inner epithelial cells.
• IgA is found in the secretions as a monomer but
  the majority is dimer
• Apart from the 2 light and the 2 heavy chains
  dimer IgA also contains one J-chain and an extra
  polypeptide chain called "Secretory Component".

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IgA

• Heavy, light and J-chains are synthesized in
  plasma cells and Secretory Component of the
  epithelial cells.
• IgA reaches a compact structure giving it a
  special resistance against proteolytic enzymes.
• IgA is capable of neutralizing toxins and
  blocking virus. Unlike IgM the cytological effect
  on bacteria does not depend on complement but
  merely on a co-operation between IgA and
  lysozyme.
• IgA plays an important role in local infection
  defense of the mucous membranes.

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IgD

• IgD is biochemically much alike the
  immunoglobulins but of no certain biological
  function.

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Knockout Mice
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Immune Response
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MAST CELL RELEASE TO IgE SITE
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B-LYMPHOCYTES

• Humoral Immune Response
• Arise from stem cells in Bone Marrow
• Migrate to peripheral lymph
• White Pulp of Spleen, Follicles of lymph nodes
• When Antigen is encountered, B-cells
  differentiate into Plasma Cells
• Produce Antibodies
• Have Memory
• Can function as APC cells via MHC class II

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T-LYMPHOCYTES

• Mediates Cellular IMMUNE Response
• Maturation is in Thymus
• MHC 2 X CD 4 8 helper
• MHC 1 X CD 8 8 suppressor
• CD-Cluster of differentation
• Unlike Mast cell-?T-cell (delayed
  hypersensitivity)

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Cellular Processing

• T-cells differentiate in the thymus, and have
  a specific receptor for a fragment of antigen..
• Cytotoxic T-cells contain a surface protein
  called CD8 and destroy pathogen infected cells,
  cancer cells, and foreign cells (transplanted
  organs).
• Helper T-cells contain a surface protein called
  CD4 and regulate both the cellular and humoral
  immune systems. This regulation reduces
  autoimmunity.
• Autoimmune disease- self immunity. Some examples
  include rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis,
  ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, etc.

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T-Helper Cells
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Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte
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MHC I linking to T-cell Receptor
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ANTIGEN PROCESSING
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PLASMA CELLS

• Off Center Nucleus
• CLOCK SHAPED CHROMATIN DISTRUBUTION
• Abundant RER, well developed Golgi
• Come from B-Cells
• Produce large amounts of antibody specific to
  antigen
• Multiple Myeloma is Plasma Cell Neoplasm

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Cytokines

• The term Cytokine refers to soluble, antigen
  non-specific, signaling proteins that bind to
  surface receptors on a variety of cells.
• Types
• IL ( Interleukins)
• IFN (Interferons)
• TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factors)
• CSF (Colony Stimulating Factors)

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IL-1

• Enhances the activity of NK cells
• Attracts Neutrophils and Macrophages

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IL-2

• Introduces proliferation of antigen-primed
  T-Cells
• Enhances activity of Natural Killer Cells

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IL-3

• IL-3 is a hematopoietic (blood
• growth) factor that promotes the growth and
  differentiation of several types of blood cells
  (red, white, and platelets).

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IL-4

• IL-4 is released by a subset of CD4 cells, and
  helps stimulate antibody production.

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IL-6

• IL-6 is produced by macrophages and mediates
  acute systemic immune responses (e.g., fever).

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IL-8

• IL-8 stimulates the growth of new blood vessels.

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IL-10

• IL-10 stimulates the proliferation and activity
  of B-cells. modulates macrophage function, and
  enhances humoral macrophage function, and
  enhances humoral (TH2) immunity, while
  suppressing cell-mediated immune function

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IL-12

• IL-12 is produced by various immune cells (e.g.,
  monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and
  neutrophils), and activates natural killer cells
  and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and induces the
  production of interferon-gamma. IL-12 is
  associated with the cell-mediated immune
  response.

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INF-y

• Enhances activity of NK Cells and Macrophages
• Increase expression of MHC molecules
• Enhances production of IGg

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TNF-a

• Cytotoxic Effect on Tumor Cells
• Induces Cytokine Secretion in the inflammatory
  Response