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Species_and_speciation_M_Mofidi-Neyestanak_2015_FULL

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Title: Species_and_speciation_M_Mofidi-Neyestanak_2015_FULL


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10
1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????
11
1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (adaptation)
12
1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
?????????? ??????
13
1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
?????????? ??????
14
1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
?????????? ??????
15
1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
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1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
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17
1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
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18
1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
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1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
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1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
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1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
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1- ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
?????????? ??????
23
(No Transcript)
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2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
???????
25
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
???????
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2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
???????
27
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
???????
28
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
???????
29
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? DNA ? ???????
30
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? DNA ? ???????
31
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? transcription and
translation
32
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? junk DNA non-coding
DNA
33
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ??
34
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
35
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
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2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
37
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
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38
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
39
(No Transcript)
40
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
41
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
42
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
43
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
44
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ???
?????????
45
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ??? ???
46
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ??? ???
47
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ??? ???
48
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? lt ??? ???
49
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???
50
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???
51
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ??
??? ?? ?????
52
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ? ??
53
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ??
??? ?? ?????
54
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????
?????
55
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??
????? ??????
56
2- ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??
????? ??????
57
(No Transcript)
58
3- ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
59
3- ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??
?????????? ????? ????
60
3- ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??
?????????? ????? ????
61
3- ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??
?????????? ????? ????
62
3- ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??
(????? ????? ?????)
63
3- ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
64
3- ????? ????? ????????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ??
??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????
65
3- ????? ????? ???????? RING ? ???? ???? ????
66
3- ????? ????? ???????? RING ? ???? ???? ????
67
3- ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????
68
3- ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????
69
3- ????? ????? ????? ???????
70
3- ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????
???????? ??????
71
3- ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????
???????? ??????
72
3- ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
??????
73
3- ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
??????
74
(No Transcript)
75
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????
???
76
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
????? ????? ? ???????
77
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????
78
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????
79
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
80
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
81
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
82
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
83
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????
84
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????
(Darwinian fitness)
85
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????
??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????
86
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????
?????????? ?????
87
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????
?????????? ?????
88
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????
?????????? ?????
89
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????
?????????? ?????
90
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ????? DNA
sequencing ?????
91
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ????? DNA
sequencing ?????
92
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ????? DNA
sequencing ?????
93
4- ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???????
94
(No Transcript)
95
(No Transcript)
96
5- ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
97
5- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????
98
5- ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
99
5- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????-???????
100
5- ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????-???????
101
5- ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????-???????
102
5- ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????-???????
103
5- ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????-??????? ????
?? ??? ? ?????
104
5- ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
?????-??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
105
5- ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???
106
5- ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???
107
5- ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
(fitness)
108
5- ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????
(recurrent disadvantageous mutation)
109
5- ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????
(Heterozygous advantage)
110
5- ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????
(Heterozygous advantage)
111
5- ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????
(Heterozygous advantage)
112
5- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
?????? ????
113
5- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??
????? ???? ?????? ???
114
5- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??
????? ???? ?????? ???
115
5- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??
????? ???? ?????? ???
116
5- ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??
???? ????? ???
117
(No Transcript)
118
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????
? ???? ??????
119
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????
? ???? ??????
120
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????-
???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ...
121
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????-
???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ...
122
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????-
???? ??? ??? ?? ???
123
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????-
???? ??? ??? ?? ???
124
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????
? ???? ??????
125
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?
?????? ?????
126
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
????????? (founder effect)
127
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
????????? (founder effect)
128
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
????????? (founder effect) ????
129
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????
130
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????
131
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????
132
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????
133
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????
?????-????????
134
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?
??????? (?????)
135
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?
??????? (?????)
136
6- ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????
137
(No Transcript)
138
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
???????
139
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
???????
140
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
???????
141
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???????
142
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???????
143
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????
144
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????
145
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? DNA ? ??????? ??????
???.
146
7- ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???
147
(No Transcript)
148
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
149
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? (mimetic polymorphism)
150
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? (mimetic polymorphism)
151
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? (mimetic polymorphism)
152
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? (mimetic polymorphism)
153
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
??????? (linkage equilibrium)
154
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
??????? (linkage equilibrium)
155
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
??????? (linkage equilibrium)
156
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
(Hitch-hiking ?? thumbing )
157
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
???????
158
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????????
????? (adaptive topography ?? adaptive landscape)
159
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????????
????? (adaptive topography ?? adaptive landscape)
160
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ????? ?????
161
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ????? ?????
162
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ????? ?????
163
8- ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????
164
(No Transcript)
165
9- ????? ???? ???????????
166
9- ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
167
9- ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????
(Polygenic) ?????.
168
9- ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????
(Polygenic) ?????.
169
9- ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????
170
9- ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????
171
9- ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????
172
9- ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????
173
9- ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????
174
9- ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
175
9- ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
176
(No Transcript)
177
(No Transcript)
178
10- ????? ???????
179
10- ????? ???????
180
10- ????? ??????? ????????? (Pluralism) ??
????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????
181
10- ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???
182
(No Transcript)
183
(No Transcript)
184
(No Transcript)
185
10- ????? ??????? ????? ??????
186
10- ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????
187
10- ????? ??????? ??????????? (Preadaptation)
188
10- ????? ??????? ??????????? (Preadaptation)
189
10- ????? ??????? EVO-DEVO
190
10- ????? ??????? ????? ???????
191
10- ????? ??????? ????? ???????
192
10- ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????
193
10- ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??
????? ?????????
194
10- ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??
????? ?????????
195
10- ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??
????? ?????????
196
10- ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??
????? ?????????
197
10- ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??
????? ?????????
198
10- ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??
????? ?????????
199
10- ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??
????? ?????????
200
10- ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???-?????
????? ??????!
201
10- ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??
??????
202
(No Transcript)
203
11- ???? ??????
204
11- ???? ??????
205
11- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? (??????? ?????
???????) ?? ?????? ?????
206
11- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? (??????? ?????
???????) ?? ?????? ?????
207
11- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? (??????? ?????
???????) ?? ?????? ?????
208
11- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? (??????? ?????
???????) ?? ?????? ?????
209
11- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? (??????? ?????
???????) ?? ?????? ?????
210
11- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? (??????? ?????
???????) ?? ?????? ?????
211
11- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? (??????? ?????
???????) ?? ?????? ?????
212
11- ???? ?????? Swarm theory or Genius of swarm
213
11- ???? ?????? ????
214
11- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????
215
(No Transcript)
216
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??
?? ????? ?? ?????
217
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????
??? ???????
218
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????
??? ???????
219
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????
??? ???????
220
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????
??? ???????
221
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????
??? ???????
222
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????
???? ? ??????
223
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????
????
224
12- ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
???? ???? 5050 ?? ????
225
(No Transcript)
226
(No Transcript)
227
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?
????
228
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????
????? ????
229
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????
????? ????
230
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????
????? ????
231
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????
????? ????? ???????
232
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????
????? ????? ???????
233
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???????
????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?
?????? ???????
234
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ????
?????
235
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????
??????????? ?? ??? ????
236
1- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????
??????????? ?? ??? ????
237
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??
?????? ????? ????
238
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????
??? ?????? ? ????? ???
239
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????
????????
240
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???????
????????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????
241
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???????
????????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????
242
13- ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???????
????????? ?????? ?? ????
243
(No Transcript)
244
14- ????????? ?????? ?????????
245
14- ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????
???????? ???? ???? ???
246
14- ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????
(Pleiotropy)
247
14- ????????? ?????? ????????? Ring species
248
14- ????????? ????? ?????????-????
(DobzhanskyMuller)
249
14- ????????? ????? ?????????-????
(DobzhanskyMuller)
250
14- ????????? ????? ?????????-????
(DobzhanskyMuller)
251
14- ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????
252
14- ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????
253
14- ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????
254
14- ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????
255
14- ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? (stepped
cline)
256
(No Transcript)
257
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
258
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
259
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
260
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
261
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
262
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
263
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
264
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
265
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
266
15- ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????
267
15- ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????
(character polarity)
268
15- ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????
(character polarity)
269
15- ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????
(character polarity)
270
15- ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????
(character polarity)
271
15- ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????
272
15- ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????
273
15- ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????
274
15- ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
275
15- ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
276
15- ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
277
15- ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
278
(No Transcript)
279
16- ???????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ??????
(hierarchy)
280
16- ???????? ? ????? ?? ???? (school) ???? ????
??????
281
16- ???????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???
??????
282
16- ???????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???
??????
283
16- ???????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???
??????
284
(No Transcript)
285
17- ???????? ????? ????? ?????
286
17- ???????? ????? ????? ???? Simpson
287
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????
???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???
288
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???
289
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???
290
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???
291
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????
???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???
292
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (Refugia)
293
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (Refugia)
294
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????
??? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ????
295
17- ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????
? ???????
296
17- ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
????????? ??????
297
(No Transcript)
298
(No Transcript)
299
18- ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
300
18- ????? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????
301
18- ????? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????
302
18- ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????????
303
18- ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????
????????
304
18- ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????
????????
305
18- ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ????
306
18- ????? ???? ???? ????
307
18- ????? ???? ????? ??????? (Cambrian
explosion) ? ???? ????
308
18- ????? ???? ????? ??????? (Cambrian
explosion) ? ???? ????
309
18- ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????
(Colonization) ?? ????
310
18- ????? ???? ????? ??????????
311
(No Transcript)
312
19- ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????
313
19- ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????
?? ????? ???????
314
19- ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? DNA
????? .....?
315
19- ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??
DNA ?????????? ???
316
(No Transcript)
317
20- ???? ????? ?????? (?????-?????) ??????
?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? (recapitulation)
318
20- ???? ????? ?????? (?????-?????) ??????
?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? (recapitulation)
319
20- ???? ????? ?????? (?????-?????)
Paedomorphosis ? ???????? ?? ??????
320
20- ???? ????? ?????? (?????-?????)
Paedomorphosis ? ???????? ?? ??????
321
(No Transcript)
322
21- ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
323
21- ??????? ????? ???? ??????
324
21- ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????
325
21- ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????
326
21- ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????
327
21- ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????
328
21- ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????
329
(No Transcript)
330
22- ???????? ???????? ? ?????????
331
22- ???????? ???????? ? ?????????
332
22- ???????? ???????? ? ?????????
333
22- ???????? ???????? ? ?????????
334
(No Transcript)
335
23- ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????
336
23- ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????
337
23- ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????
(Pseudoextinction)
338
23- ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????
(Pseudoextinction)
339
23- ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????
(Pseudoextinction)
340
23- ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???????
341
23- ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? (Mass
extinctions)
342
23- ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? (Mass
extinctions)
343
23- ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? (Mass
extinctions)
344
23- ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????
??????-???????
345
23- ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????
??????-???????
346
(No Transcript)
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