robotics

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Artificial Intelligence
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Definition

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of
  computer science focusing on creating machines
  that can engage on behaviors that humans consider
  intelligent.
• A branch of computer science dealing with the
  simulation of intelligent behavior in computers
• The capability of a machine to imitate
  intelligent human behavior

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A.I. Timeline
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Alan Turing(Turing test,1950)
Norbert Wiener (feedback theory. 1950)
Allen Newell Herbert Simon(First ai program)
1956 John McCarthy regarded as the father of AI
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John McCarthy

• 1956 McCarthy coined the term artificial
  intelligence.
• He defines it as the science and engineering of
  making intelligent machines
• He also invented the Lisp Language

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Why Artificial Intelligence??

• Attempts to understand intelligent entities-learn
  more about ourselves
• Strives to build intelligent entities as well as
  understand them
• Computers with human-level intelligence(or
  better) would have a huge impact on our daily
  life
• Allows less or no human involvement

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Robotics Technology - Artificial Intelligence

• The term "artificial intelligence" is defined as
  systems that combine sophisticated hardware and
  software with elaborate databases and
  knowledge-based processing models to demonstrate
  characteristics of effective human decision
  making.
• The criteria for artificial systems include the
  following
• 1) functional
• 2) able to manufacture
• 3) designable
• 4) marketable

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Definition of a 'Robot'

• According to the Robot Institute of America
  (1979) a robot is"A reprogrammable,
  multifunctional manipulator designed to move
  material, parts, tools, or specialized devices
  through various programmed motions for the
  performance of a variety of tasks".A more
  inspiring definition can be found in Webster.
  According to Webster a robot is"An automatic
  device that performs functions normally ascribed
  to humans or a machine in the form of a human."

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First use of the word 'Robotics

• .
• First use of the word 'Robot'
• The use of the word Robot was introduced into his
  play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) which
  opened in Prague in January 1921

• The word 'robotics' was first used in Runaround,
  a short story published in 1942, by Isaac Asimov
  (born Jan. 2, 1920, died Apr. 6, 1992). I, Robot,
  a collection of several of these stories, was
  published in 1950.

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TYPES OF ROBOTS
Mobile Robots
Rolling Robots
Stationary Robots
Walking Robots
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BEAM Robots
Autonomous Robots
Remote-control Robots
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Robotics - Current Research in Artificial
Intelligence
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Human Behavior and Emotion

• Kismet,Cogs baby brother with its creator
  Cybthia Breazeal of MIT. 

• Cog(artificial humanoid ),developed at MIT
  Artificial Intelligence department

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Hardware and Software Brains

• Most robots at present have software brains,
  meaning a computer with a program running
• A drawback is the limited number of processes
  that can be run on today's computers and the
  single purpose programs running on these
  computers.
• The programs cannot change themselves.  In other
  words, learning is not possible.

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Example for hardware brain,Robokoneko the
robocat from Genobyte

• A brain made out of hardware, will consists of
  several chips that act both independently and as
  a group. 
• Every chip in itself has a small program.
• It will process information but also pass it on
  to other chips.
• The program changes on a continuous basis.
• The network of chips is quick and will adapt, so
  in contrast with the software brain, it will
  learn.

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Effectors and Mobility Autonomous
Autonomous Flying Vehicle Project
Fish Robot
Muscles
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3D-CAMERA BASED NAVIGATION OF A MOBILE ROBOT IN
AN AGRICULTURALENVIRONMENT
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Introduction

• Mapping their environment, recognizing obstacles
  and moving around like human beings is a high
  goal for autonomous mobile robot navigation.
• The control of a robot with different sensors is
  a current research field with high potential.

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Components

• One of the most powerful sensors for control and
  orientation of robots are cameras.
• In agricultural applications, a mobile robot may
  have the task to navigate through rows of plants.
• Due to the rough and often slippery ground ,wheel
  encoders are not very helpful in these tasks.

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• Here, a range camera, possibly combined with GPS
  and compass devices. This may be a valuable tool
  to generate a 3D map of the robots environment
  and to detect open space to navigate..
• This holds especially for modern range cameras
  acquiring images at a high temporal resolution
  and getting range information for each pixel
  simultaneously

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Applications

• This deliver information on plant structure,
  growth and harvesting.
• It is used for agricultural operations like for
  spraying , watering or harvesting etc..
• It is used to estimate plant density and height

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Thank you