highway

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

• BY PEERZADA NASIR FIRDOUS

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline
branching from civil engineering that involves
the planning, design, construction, operation,
and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to
ensure safe and effective transportation of
people and goods.
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HIGHWAY SURVEY

• Before any highway alignment is finalized,
  various engineering surveys are required to be
  carried out. The survey work may be carried out
  in four stages. All the possible alternative
  routes are considered ,keeping in view the
  various requirements of highway alignment .
• Definition The surveys conducted to collect the
  necessary information and data for the highway
  location, design and construction of road is
  termed as Road Survey.

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TYPES OF SURVEYS
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MAP STUDY

• In this Topographical maps of the concerned
  area are studied.
• The main features like rivers, hills, valleys
  etc along with contour lines at 15 to 30 m
  intervals are studied.
• In map study it is ensured that proposed
  alignment does not exceed ruling gradient
  anywhere. The map gives a rough general idea of
  various possible alignments

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TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP

• A map showing the general details of an area such
  as a building, roads, railway lines, sources of
  water, hospitals, schools, drainage structure etc
  including contour lines is termed as
  topographical map.
• These maps also show features like rivers,
  Valleys, Hills etc and location of important
  towns and villages.
• These are prepared by Survey of India.

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RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

• After map study and marking various possible
  alternative routes, reconnaissance survey is
  carried on a fairly wide stretch of land along
  the possible routes.
• Instruments like tangent clinometers, Abneys
  Level, Barometer Compass etc are used to collect
  details not available in the map.
• Reconnaissance is the military term for exploring
  beyond the area occupied by friendly forces to
  gain vital information about enemy forces or
  features of the environment for later analysis
  and/or dissemination.
• Reconnaissance is a mission to obtain information
  by visual observation or other detection methods,
  about the activities and resources of an enemy or
  potential enemy, or about the meteorological,
  hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a
  particular area

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Definition of reconnaissance survey

• A preliminary and a rapid examination of the
  region with reference to its natural features.
• The reconnaissance conducted to determine the
  location of road with respect to the local
  conditions is reconnaissance survey.
• It is called Recci survey in military language.

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Object of reconnaissance survey

• To locate position of hills , valleys , lakes,
  ponds, marshy lands, permanent structures etc.
• To locate obstructions which are not available In
  the map.
• To collect information regarding maximum flood
  level, underground water level, no. and types of
  cross drains along the possible route.
• To determine the value of gradient, length of
  gradient and radius of curves of alternate
  alignment.
• To obtain information regarding the type of soil
  along the routes.
• To obtain information regarding climatic
  conditions of the area.
• To locate the sources of construction material
  and water.

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Method of conducting reconnaissance survey
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Area reconnaissance

• It is carried from existing maps and aerial
  photographs obtained from the survey of India.
• In absence of aerial photographs and maps, basic
  map for reconnaissance is prepared.
• Basic map is prepared by taking aerial
  photographs and then through study of the
  photographs taken.

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Route reconnaissance

• It is carried to check the practicability of each
  alternative route selected during area
  reconnaissance.
• This is done by walking or by a helicopter.
• After working out alternate routes, the area is
  restricted to small stretches of land and
  required information is the collected.

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PREPARTION OF RECONNAISSANCE REPORT

• It is prepared in following format
• INTRODUCTION- This includes the following
• PURPOSE OF RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY.
• STUDY METHODS .
• DESIGN CRITERIA.
• b) GENERAL ALIGNMMENT DETAILS This includes
  following information
• CHOICE OF ROUTE,INCLUDING ADVANTAGES
  DISADVANTAGES
• INTERCHANGE LOCATION
• SERVICE TO COMMUNITIES
• SAFETY CONSIDERATION
• DRAINAGE

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• c) PROJECT COST ESTIMATE THIS INCLUDES ESTIMATE
  OF
• ROADWAY
• RIGHT OF WAY
• STRUCTURES
• UTILITY RELOCATION.
• d) SUMMARY This includes conclusions and
  recommendations.
• Finally a plan drawn to a scale of 150,000
  showing the alternative alignments is attached.

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PRELIMINARY SURVEY

• Preliminary survey is a large scale investigation
  of the alternative routes marked during
  reconnaissance survey
• DEFINITION The accurate survey conducted along
  the desirable route as recommended by
  reconnaissance survey in order to obtain a
  sufficient data for final location survey is
  termed as Preliminary Survey.
• It consists
  in running accurate traverse lines known as P
  lines along the recommended route with the help
  of plane table, compass, steel tape or chain.
• For taking
  angles Transit theodolite is used.

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OBJECTIVES OF PRELIMINARY SURVEY

• To survey the alternate alignments proposed
  during reconnaissance survey and to collect
  details of topography, soil and drainage.
• To compare the various proposals in view of the
  requirements of a good alignment.
• To estimate quantity of earth work. Materials
  etc required for road construction along each
  alignment of the road.
• To finalize the best suited alignment for all
  considerations.

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METHOD OF CONDUCTING PRELIMINARY SURVEY

• The preliminary survey is carried out by one of
  the following methods
• Conventional Method
• Aerial Photogrammetry method.

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CONVENTIONAL METHOD

• It is carried in following methods
• Primary Traverse It is 1st step of preliminary
  survey. In this Primary Traverse is established
  along the route recommended. The angles and
  length of centre line should be measured very
  accurately.
• Topographical Features After establishing centre
  line Topographical features are recorded.
  Physical features such as buildings, trees,
  monuments, ports, railway lines etc are surveyed
  and plotted.
• Leveling Work The leveling along with plane
  tabling is also carried out side by side to give
  centre line profile and typical cross section. In
  this survey Leveling work is kept minimum just to
  approximate earth work.
• Hydrological data This data is collected to get
  information on HFL, rainfall intensity, catchment
  area, No and size of Cross drains etc.
• Soil Survey It is conducted to work out details
  of earth work, slopes, sub-soil and surface
  drainage requirements.

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Aerial Photogrammetry method

• This is most modern and quick method of
  Preliminary survey.
• Most suited when the distance and area to be
  covered are vast.
• Aerial Photographs of the strips of land are
  taken and examined by using Photo-Interpretation
  method to discuss geological features, soil
  conditions, drainage requirements etc.
  After collecting various data
  from the preliminary surveys on various routes, a
  best possible and economical route for location
  survey is decided.

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LOCATION SURVEY

• The purpose of the final location survey is to
  fix the centre line of the selected alignment in
  the field and to collect additional data for the
  preparation of the drawing.
• DEFINATION The detailed survey carried along the
  finalized route and to transfer the proposed
  centre line to the actual ground and collecting
  other related information is termed as Location
  Survey.

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METHOD OF CONDUCTING LOCATION SURVEY
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LOCATION OF CENTRE LINE

• The centre line of the proposed road is
  transferred from basic map to the ground.
• The centre line should touch all the major and
  minor control points.
• Pegs are driven at 30 m intervals with the help
  of theodolite and steel tape while locating
  centre line.
• All curve points viz beginning of transition,
  beginning of circular curve and end of transition
  should be marked and referenced.

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DETAILED SURVEY

• First bench mark should be established at
  intervals of 250 m and then precise leveling is
  done.
• A single datum should be used for entire level
  works.
• Longitudinal section and Cross section are taken
  at close intervals to assess quantities
  correctly.
• All river crossings, Valleys etc should be
  surveyed in detail upto considerable greater
  distances on either sides of the route

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THANKS FOR LISTENING AND CO-OPERATION

• MAY ALLAH SWT BLESS YOU ALL.
• AAMEEN