Normal urine properties

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Normal Urine Properties

• M.Prasad Naidu
• MSc Medical Biochemistry, Ph.D,.

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• Colour
• Normal urine is amber coloured due to urochrome
  - Indoxylsulphate indican
• Yellow
• Bilirubin obstructive jaundice or due to vitamin
  B complex tablets. On standing turns black in
  alkaptunuria due to oxidation of homogentisic
  acid .
• Malignant melanoma Black from the beginning
  melanuria

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• Red colour urine is seen in
• Hematuria
• Rifampicin(Anti tubercular drug )
• Specific gravity normal is 1.015 to 1.025
• Fixed specific gravity at 1010 in chronic renal
  failure

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• Specific gravity decreased in
• Excessive water intake
• Chronic nephritis
• Steatorrhoea
• Diabetes insipidus

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Specific gravity increased in Diabetes
mellitus Nephrosis Excessive perspiration
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• Specific gravity is tested by urinometer
• Volume
• Normal around 1.5 liters / day
• Increased urinary volume in 1. excessive intake
  of water
• Increased salt intake
• Diuretic therapy
• Diabetes mellitus
• Diabetes insipidus

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• Urine Volume decresed in excessive sweating
• Dehydration
• Low blood pressure shock
• Oedema of any etiology
• Kidney damage
• Antidiuretic overactivity

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• Appearance
• Normal urine is perfectly clear and transparent
  when freshly voided.
• May become turbid by phosphates or by pus (
  Infection of the urinary tract ) or by chyle due
  to obstruction of lymphatics.

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• Odour
• Normal urine is faintly aromatic due to presence
  of volatile organic acids , when urine undergoes
  decomposition converted to ammonium carbonate
  giving unpleasant smell.
• In Diabetic ketoacidosis urine is sweety smell
  due to acetone

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• Clinical Properties
• Reaction to litmus
• PH of urine is 5.5 to 7.5
• A few hrs after meal alkaline as active secretion
  of Hcl from the stomach and make the blood more
  alkaline. So to counter act this kidney excretes
  more alkaline urine.

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• If the diet is rich in proteins more acidic urine
  is excreted. If more vegetable are taken urine
  will be alkaline as more acids are produced and
  these are converted to bicarbonate on keeping for
  some time pH may be changed due to bacterial
  activity.

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