Colloquium 1

1
Intelligent Systems
Colloquium 3 Future of AI. Dangers and problems
of development of AI.
2
Agenda

• Motivation of creating of artificial mind
• Objective necessity to development of artificial
  human-like mind
• How to develop artificial human-like mind
• How to estimate and testing of artificial mind
• How to save controllability of artificial mind
• What can be consequences of creating of
  artificial mind
• Main centers in World in development of AI

3
Motivation of creating of mind

• Wish to develop of helper for hard works
• Wish to understand of myself, how we are
  constructed and think
• Wish to improve capabilities of human to process
  and store of information
• Creating of artificial mind is a part of common
  tendency to creating of alternative kinds of
  life genetic engineering, artificial life (part
  of AI), virtual reality in computer games
• The reason of that wish of human mind to obtain
  of new information from environment

4
Objective necessity to development of artificial
human-like mind

• Necessity of comfortable and safe interaction
  with (human-like interaction)
• Necessity of development of self-learning,
  self-repairing and self-producing intelligent
  systems

5
Kismet project of MIT
Kismet, a robot designed to interact
socially with humans. Kismet has an active vision
system and can display a variety of facial
expressions.
6
Example of self-assembling and transforming robot
7
How to develop artificial human-like mind

• What is sense ( a semantics) of our concepts
  (signs, words)
• What is an emotions and what its role in mind
• What is a consciousness?
• How a coding of our memory is implemeted
• Is exist a connection between our memory and
  genetic memory
• Is exist a free will

8
The emotions

• The main question is whether non-intellective,
  that is affective and conative abilities, are
  admissible as factors of general intelligence.
  (My contention) has been that such factors are
  not only admissible but necessary. I have tried
  to show that in addition to intellective there
  are also definite non-intellective factors that
  determine intelligent behavior. If the foregoing
  observations are correct, it follows that we
  cannot expect to measure total intelligence until
  our tests also include some measures of the
  non-intellective factors Wechsler, 1943).

9
The emotions

• Last investigations of brain the emotions bring
  influence on quality of memorization
• It is possibly that emotions is a tool for
  control of speed of decision making by changing
  of level (or degree of parrallelism) for thinking
• Emotions are connected with achievement of goal
  (positive is a signal of successful process of
  achievement and negative is a signal about
  fail)
• The emotion are closely connected with body and
  are older feature of brain then neocortex (its
  appear in reptiles)

10
Artificial dogs AIBO playing in soccer
11
Making of decision
Associative link (inference)
decision
Classification (rocognition) of situation (task)
Forming of reaction on situation (solving)
Sensors
Effectors
12
Architecture of EGO of robots of Sony
13
Human brain
14
Objective difficulties of investigation of action
of brain

• Brain is a most complex system known by human
  (1011 of neurons, 104 synapses per neuron,
  unhomogeneity of structure)
• This system must investigate itself by itself
• Because emergency and distribution of brain it is
  impossible to investigate it in parts (only in
  limited value)
• It is impossible to investigate human brain in
  parts with causation of damage

15
Approaches to investigation of human mind

• Philosophy (in particular, in religions)
  investigation of place of mind in Universe and in
  society
• Psychology investigation of external
  demonstration of action of mind (actions,
  emotions, communication capabilities), main goals
  investigation and correction of features of
  behavior
• Neurophysiology investigation of structure of
  brain, role of different components and processes
  in mind, main goal diagnosis and correction of
  any illnesses of brain
• Artificial intelligence investigation of
  principles of information processing in brain,
  which is reason of its functionality, by
  inviting, implementation and testing of models,
  main goal development of human-like helper

16
Approaches of AI

• Logical (computational)
• Based on symbol information processing with
  different knowledge representation
• Goal modeling of consistent reasoning and
  understanding of natural language
• Connectionist (neural networks)
• Based on signal information processing
• Goal modeling of deep processing of brain with
  different models of neural networks
• Hybrid
• Based of combination of different models from
  above
• Goal modeling of human-like mind in most full
  sense

17
Example of knowledge representation in logical
approach
18
Example of neural network for diagnosis of
underwater robot
19
Architecture of hemi-sphereexpert system
(NSTU, Novosibirsk)

• Level of store of knowledge
• Level of processing of data and knowledge
• Level of store of data
• Level of processing of signals and events

Knowledge Base
Inference
Blackboard
Manager
Neural network
20
Approaches of AI(2)

• Agent-based approach
• Based on concept of multi-agent systems
• Goal modeling of unhomogeneous structure of
  brain as collective of interacting subsytems
• Evolutional approach
• Based on genetic algorithms
• Goal modeling of building and learning of
  unhomogeneous structure of brain during evolution
• Quantum approach
• Based on performance about wave processes as
  basis of action of brain
• Goal modeling of wave activity of brain during
  of its action

21
Agent-oriented approach is developed and tested
in soccer championships Robocup
22
Example of using of genetic algorithms for
forming of best gate of robot
23
How to estimate and testing of artificial mind

• Test of Turing
• Two approaches to estimate of mind
• Deep testing
• Deal with understanding how we are thinking,
  learning and store of knowledge
• Brief testing
• Deal with similarity of behavior

24
Objective of difficulties of testing of
artificial mind

• Artificial mind as natural mind is a complex
  emergent system
• We dont know many features of mind and brain and
  even sometimes dont know what is normal mind,
  for example, sometimes there is very small
  difference between schizophrenia and genius
• Artificial mind havent many features for
  interaction of environment connected with human
  body

25
How to save controllability of artificial mind
Asimov's Laws of Robotics
First Law A robot may not injure a human being,
or, through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm. Second Law A robot must obey
orders given it by human beings, except where
such orders would conflict with the First Law.
Third Law A robot must protect its own
existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with the First or Second Law.
26
A deadlock problem was the key feature of the
short story in which Asimov first introduced the
laws. He constructed the type of stand- off
commonly referred to as the "Buridan's ass"
problem. It involved a balance between a strong
third- law self- protection tendency, causing
the robot to try to avoid a source of danger,
and a weak second- law order to approach that
danger. "The conflict between the various rules
is meant to be ironed out by the different
positronic potentials in the brain," but in this
case the robot "follows a circle around the
source of danger, staying on the locus of all
points of ... equilibrium." Deadlock is also
possible within a single law. An example under
the first law would be two humans threatened
with equal danger and the robot unable to
contrive a strategy to protect one without
sacrificing the other. Under the second law, two
humans might give contradictory orders of
equivalent force. The later novels address this
question with greater sophistication What was
troubling the robot was what roboticists called
an equipotential of contradiction on the second
level. Obedience was the Second Law and the
robot was suffering from two roughly equal and
contradictory orders. Robot- block was what the
general population called it or, more frequently,
roblock for short . . . or mental freeze-
out.' No matter how subtle and intricate a brain
might be, there is always some way of setting up
a contradiction. This is a fundamental truth of
mathematics.
27

• Conflict between hardness (certainty) of Asimovs
  laws and necessity of development of human-like
  artificial mind
• Human-like artificial mind will be exposed to
  same dangers as human mind with using of unsafe
  principles of morals in different religions (its
  didnt defend of mankind from wars, crimes,
  victims)

28
What can be consequences of creating of
artificial mind

• We are only step of evolution of mind on Earth
  (N.Amosov, 1963), film AI
• Revolution of machines (different films Matrix,
  Terminator)
• War between supporters and opponents of creating
  of artificial mind (de Garis, 2001)
• Creating of cyborgs as new generation of people
  (Worvick, about 2000)

29
Hanson Robotics
Robot Eva
Robot Philip Dick
30
Japan robot Replee Q1
31
Robot Valery of Animatronics
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Possible future planet of robots?
33
Intelligent Robots
Human Robotics of MIT http//www.ai.mit.edu/projec
ts/humanoid-robotics-group/ Stanford University
Http//cs.stanford.edu/Research/ Edinburg
University Http//www.informatics.ed.ac.uk
Aibo of Sony http//www.aibo-europe.com/ ATR h
ttp//www.sarcos.com/ USC http//www-robotics.us
c.edu/ Carnegi-Mellon University http//www.cs.cmu
.edu Androids of Hanson Robotics http//www.h
uman-robot.com Manchester University http//www
.cs.man.ac.uk/robotics/