RODENTICIDES

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RODENTICIDES
COMMERCIALLY IN SEVERAL FORMULATIONS
PELLETS, PASTES, CONCENTRATES, POWDERS RISK OF
TOXICOSIS PETS gt LIVESTOCKS TOXIC TO ALL
MAMMALS NOT JUST RODENTS TOXIC DOSE ?????????
LETHAL DOSE ARE NOT EFFECTIVELY TREATED
. . .
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WIDELY SOLD AND USED ZINC PHOSPHIDE -
???????????????????????? ???????????????????????
?? ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES -
??????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????
???? ??????????????????????????????
ZINC PHOSPHIDE STRYCHNINE, FLUOROACETATE,
PHOSPHORUS, ANTU, BROMETHALIN
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I ANTICOAGULANTS DERIVATIVES
OF HYDROXYCOUMARIN INDANE-1,3
DIONE COUMARIN, WARFARIN, BRODIFACOUM, BROMADI
OLONE, COUMATETRALTL, FLOCUMAFEN PINDONE,
DIPHACINONE, CHLORPHACINONE (???????
1) ??????? 2 ??????????????????????????
?????????????????? ??????????
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TOXICOKINETICS - ?????????????????? -
METABOLISM INACTIVE METABOLITE
URINE MECHANISM OF TOXICITY
1. INTERFERE VITAMIN K CYCLE VITAMIN K EPOXIDE
REDUCTASE BLOCK
CLOTTING FACTOR II, VII,
IX, X
MFOs
INHIBIT
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ENZYME EPOXIDE REDUCTASE
VITAMIN K EPOXIDE REDUCED FORM
BLOCK CLOTTING FACTOR PROTHROMBIN VITAMIN
K CLOTT LIVER FIBRINOGEN
FIBRIN PROTHROMBIN
THROMBIN
BLOCK
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2. DAMAGE CAPILLARIES BLEEDING DOGS,
CATS ???????????????? ??????????? VIT.
K ??????????????? DIAGNOSIS 1. CLINICAL
SIGNS - 1-3 ??? AFTER INGESTION ACUTE
?????????????????????? ???? ????? ????
HEMORRHAGE
. . .
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SUBACUTE ANEMIA ??? ?????????
?????????? ????? 3-5 ??? SUBCUTANEOUS
HEMATOMA, EPISTAXIS, HEMATEMESIS, PROLONGED
BLEEDING, CAPILLARY HEMORRHAGE HEMORRHAGE
IN BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, BLADDER,
LIVER, KIDNEY DEPRESSION, HEMATURIA, DEATH
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2. LABORATORY HEMATOLOGY COAGULATION TIME
2-10 ???? PROTHROMBIN TIME 2-6
???? PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME 2-4
???? 3. LESION ??????????? ??????
HEMATHORAX, HEMOMEDIASTINUM, HEMOPERICARDIUM, PU
LMONARY EDEMA, HEPATIC NECROSIS
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TREATMENT
1. ANTIDOTAL THERAPY ??? VITAMIN K
(PHYTONADIONE) ORALLY 2-5 mg/kg 21-30
??? SC, IM 3-5 mg/kg 2. SUPPORTIVE
TREATMENT - BLOOD TRANSFUSION - ?????????????
?????????????????????? - ??? ANEMIA ?????? ???
O2 ?????????
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II PHOSPHIDES OF ZINC, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM
?????????(Zn) ?????????(Al)
????????? (Cal) ??? ???????? ??? ????
PHOSPHINE (PH3) ??????????????????????????
2-5 FUMIGANTS ?????????
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TOXICOKINETICS GAS PHOSPHINE
ABSORBED ACROSS MUCUS
MEMBRANE PHOSPHINE IS LABILE LITTLE IS
KNOWN OF METABOLISM AND
EXCRETION MECHANISM OF TOXICITY IRRITATION
OF RESPIRATORY AND GI INHIBIT CYTOCHROME C
OXIDASE GAS PH3 ???????????????????????????????
?
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LETHAL DOSE 20-50 mg/kg TOXIC DOSE
WITH MEAL OR FULL STOMACH DIAGNOSIS 1.
CLINICAL SIGNS - 1/2 - 4 hr. OF
INGESTION VOMITING, DEPRESSION,
TREMORS, WEAKNESS 2. LABOLATORY HEMATOLOGY
CLINICAL CHEM. ?????????? HYPOGLYCEMIA,
ACIDOSIS ????????????? PH3 ????????
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3. LESION STOMACH CONTENTS ACETYLENE CON
GESTION, EDEMA PULMONARY, LIVER TREATMENT
1. NO SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE 2. SUPPORTIVE
TREATMENT FLUIDS WITH BICARBONATE (?????)
DEMULCENTS, PROTECTANTS
ENTERITIS CALCIUM GLUCONATE, LACTATE
??????? ACIDOSIS
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III FLUOROACETATE and FLUOROACETAMIDE
(COMPOUND 1080) FCH2 C ONa FCH2 C
NH2 O O COLORLESS, ODERLESS,
TASTELESS, WATER SOLUBLE TOXICOKINETICS RAPID
ABSORPTION FROM G-I, RESPIRATION METABOLISM
MONOFLUORO-ACETIC ACID
HYDROLYSIS
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MECHANISM OF TOXICITY BLOCK TRICARBOXYLIC ACID
CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE)
ACCUMULATION OF CITRIC ACID CELLULAR ENERGY
PRODUCTION AND CELLULAR
RESPIRATION HIGHLY TOXIC LETHAL DOSE
0.05-1.0 mg/kg NARROW MARGIN between TOXICOSIS
and DEATH
INHIBIT ACONITASE ENZYME
BLOCK
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DIAGNOSIS 1. CLINICAL SIGNS ACUTE ONSET
(0.5-2 hr) RESTLESSNESS, HYPERIRRITABILITY, VO
MITING, URINATION, DEFECATION DYSPNEA, FROTHING
AT THE MOUTH, NOSTRILS WILD RUNNING,
BARKING, TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURES CARDIAC
FAILURE RESPIRATORY FAILURE SUDDEN
DEATH
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2. LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SUSPECTED
BAIT, STOMACH CONTENTS OR VOMITUS 3.
LESIONS EMPTY STOMACH RIGOR MORTIS
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TREATMENT ANTIDOTE 1. MONOACETIN
(GLYCEROL MONOACETATE) ???? KREBS CYCLE
???????????? 2. ALCOHOL ??? ACETIC ACID
(5), ORAL 3. BARBITURATES 4. CALCIUM
GLUCONATE ???????????????
SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT
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IV STRYCHNINE ALKALOID
FROM STRYCHNOS-NUX VOMICA STABLE PERSIST IN
ENVIRONMENT POORLY WATER SOLUBLE PELLETS ??????
? TOXICOKINETICS USED IN MEDICINE AND VET. MED.
(PAST) (CNS STUMULANT) RAPID ABSORPTION METABOL
ISM STRYCHNINE-N-OXIDE HALF LIFE
ABOUT 10 hrs.
MFOs
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MECHANISM OF TOXICITY CNS STIMULANT E
O I O GLYCINE, STRYCHNINE BLOCK
INHIBITORY TRANSMITTER (GLYCINE) AT POSTSYNAPTIC
FIBER IN SPINAL CORD and MEDULLA
INHIBITED
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TOXIC DOSE 0.5 - 2 mg/kg POULTRY 5
mg/kg DIAGNOSIS 1. CLINICAL SIGNS 15 min - 2
hrs. CONTINUOUS TETANIC SEIZURE RIGIDITY,
SENSITIVE TO EXTERNAL STIMULI VOMITING IS
RARE
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2. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - ORGANOCHLORINE
INSECTICIDE - Zn PHOSPHIDE - LEAD POISONING 3.
LABORATORY CHEMICAL ANALYSIS URINE, STOMACH
CONTENTS, LIVER
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TREATMENT 1. NO SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE 2. SUPPORTIVE
TREATMENT PENTOBARBITAL ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL ABSORB ??????????????????? SALINE
CATHARTIC MUSCLE RELAXANTS ???? -
METHOCARBAMOL - GLYCERYL GUAIACOATE
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V MISC. RODENTICIDES PHOSPHORUS,
BROMETHALIN (???? WARFARIN) ANTU,
ALPHA-CHLORALOSE, VACOR etc.