From Disorder to Beauty and Hope:

1
Chapter 6

• From Disorder to Beauty and Hope
• The Road to the Renaissance
• 1300 1500 A.D.

2
Decline of Unity

• Church-State Conflicts
• 1302 A.D. Pope Boniface VIII issued Unam Sanctam
• _______________________________
• Stating that all rulers are subject to the pope
  and that it was ______________________ for all
  people to be subject to the pope
• Powerful statement of papal authority
• Prelude to the Avignon Papacy
• A.k.a. Great Western Schism

3
Avignon
4
Avignon Papacy

• Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
• _____________________________________
  _____________________________________
• Lasted from 1309 to 1377 A.D.
• _____________________________________
• Key figure St. Catherine of Siena
• _____________________________________
  _____________________________________

5
Popes and Anti-popes

• ____________________ cardinals that elected
  Gregory XI were French, causing anger among the
  Roman population
• Compromise election of _______________________
• Problem did not agree with ____________________,
  so they met in northern Italy to elect Roger of
  Geneva as the pope
• Mutual __________________________________
• Urban (Rome) / Roger (Avignon)
• Secular leaders took sides ? the Western Schism

6
Great Western Schism

• Chaotic period in Church history lasting from
  1378 to 1417 A.D. _______________
  ___________________________________
• Popes in 1414 A.D.
• Gregory XII in Rome
• Benedict XIII in Avignon
• John XXIII in Pisa

7
End of the Schism

• John XXIII forced to call a council in Constance,
  Italy
• _____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________
• Martin V elected as the true successor of St.
  Peter held office from 1417 to 1431 A.D.

8
Conciliarism

• Conciliarism
• ___________________________________
  ___________________________________
• Council of Constance 1417 A.D.
• Hanc Sancta text
• Frequens text
• Question Who should have more authority, the
  pope as Vicar of Christ or councils?

9
Black Death

• _______________ a.k.a. _________________
• Major epidemic that swept through Europe during
  the 14th century that killed an estimated 25
  million people
• Given the name ____________ because of the
  physical appearance of victims
• Symptoms include high fevers and aching limbs and
  vomiting of blood. Most characteristic is a
  swelling of the lymph nodes. These glands can be
  found in the neck, armpits and groin. The
  swelling protrudes and is easily visible its
  blackish coloring gives the disease its name the
  Black Death.

10
Black Death (cont)

• Characteristics
• The swellings continue to expand until they
  eventually burst, with death following soon
  after. The whole process, from first symptoms of
  fever and aches, to final expiration, lasts only
  three or four days. The swiftness of the disease,
  the terrible pain, the grotesque appearance of
  the victims, all served to make the plague
  especially terrifying
• Introduction and Spread
• ___________________________________________
• Quickly spread throughout the continent by
  travel, trade, and flies
• _________________________________

11
Spread of the Black Death
12
Pictures of the Plague
London Coffins used to remove the dead from the
city
13
Historical Timing

• The middle 14th century was not a good time for
  Europe
• ______________________________
• Major impact on population
• Depression and frustration also occurring
• ______________________________
• Avignon Papacy
• ______________________________
• The above factors contributed to and were
  worsened by the Plague

14
Impact on Religious Life

• The Plague did not spare religious men and women
• ______________________________________
  ______________________________________
• Priests received little or no training before
  exercising their ministry
• Less priests ? __________________________
• Large numbers of people left without consolation
• Lack of _________________________ of the faithful
• Monasticism in England forever weakened
• Less monks led to monasteries falling into
  disrepair

15
Responses

• Search for _______________ and miracle cures
• Various explanations were offered
• End of the world to enemies poisoning water
• __________________________
• People tried superstitious practices
• Witchcraft
• __________________________________
• Related to the belief that the Plague was a
  punishment
• Focus on death and the afterlife
• ______________________________
• Desire of people to have Mass said for their
  souls
• Part of what would lead to the Protestant
  Reformation

16
Personal Testimony
17
Ever-Changing Geography

• Two major events would shape the future of
  Christianity during the 15th century
• Fall of Constantinople in the East
• ______________________________
• Spread of Christianity in the West
• ______________________________

18
Relations with the East

• _________________________
• A short-lived agreement between leaders of
  Eastern and Western Christianity on certain
  doctrines of faith
• Eastern delegates sent to seek help from the West
  because Muslim forces threatened Constantinople
• ______________________________
• Eastern delegates ______________________
• Mob attacked Hagia Sophia, forced delegates to
  negate the agreement
• 1453 Final Siege of Constantinople
• Moscow ? ______________

19
Western Opportunity and Chaos

• 15th century Spain was a major factor regarding
  modern Christianity
• 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
• ____________________________________
  ____________________________________
• Being a Christian and a loyal citizen one in the
  same
• Ferdinand and Isabella
• _________________________________________

20
Spanish Inquisition

• 1478 Sixtus IV (1296) begins the Spanish
  Inquisition
• ________________________________________
  ________________________________________
• 1483 ________________ named Grand Inquisitor to
  correct abuses
• Responsible for torturing and burning over 2000
  Jews to force conversion
• ____________________________________
• ________________ of the Protestant Reformation

21
A Whole New WorldAt home and abroad

• 1492 Key Year
• ___________________________ complete control of
  Spain from the Muslims
• _______________________________
• Conversos
• Jews and Muslims who converted to Christianity,
  either willingly or unwillingly following the
  Christian takeover of Spain
• Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue
• ______________________________________

22
Renaissance

• Period from 1304 to 1576 A.D. time of renewal in
  Western Europe
• ________________ term for rebirth or revival
• __________________________________________________
  _______
• Focus on the _______________ in
  ____________________ activity to demonstrate the
  ___________________________ in the world
  (creation)
• Return to classical Greek art styles
• Blend Christianity with the teachings of the
  Greek philosophy and culture
• Fostered an ______________________________ and
  ingenuity

23
Renaissance Artists

• Two main figures of the Renaissance
• __________________________ (1452-1519)
• Artist, scientist, inventor, scholar
• Remembered as a true _____________________
• __________________ (1475-1564)
• Poet, sculptor, painter
• La Pieta statue of Mary hold the crucified Jesus
• __________________________________
• Tomb of Julius II elaborate sculpture

24
Michelangelos Work
La Pieta
Tomb of Julius II
Sistine Chapel
25
Renaissant Dissent

• The Renaissance encouraged people to analyze and
  evaluate their lives
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• ____________________ (1324-1384)
• Argued that Scripture was more important than
  Tradition for Christian teaching
• Argued that Christ, alone, was head of the Church
• ____________________ (1369-1415)
• Called for a return to Gospel poverty and
  simplicity
• Condemned at the Council of Constance executed
• ____________________ (1452-1498)
• Fiery preacher who sought reform in Florence,
  Italy
• Criticized the pope for immorality
• Attacked, tortured, and burned as a heretic by an
  angry mob

26
Chapter 7

• Challenge and Response
• The Church in Disunity
• 1500 1600 A.D.

27
The Protestant Reformation

• Political and religious event beginning in 16th
  century
• ______________________________________________
  ______________________________________________
• _____________________ of the political and
  religious landscape of Western Europe
• Major impact on Christianity ___________________
• Begun with a __________________________
• Initial intention ___________________ not create
  a number of different religions

28
Protestant Reformers

• The Protestant Reformation is so named because
  its members initially _________________ of the
  Church in an attempt to _______________ within
• Reformers saw themselves in the same light as
  previous reformers such as _______________________
  ______
• Once they felt that reform was unlikely, new
  churches were started with the attempt to return
  to a ________________________________
• By the middle of the 16th century the _________
  differed about the movement and founded
  ______________________ with various beliefs

29
Causes of Reformation

• Extravagant lifestyle of Church leaders
• ____________________________________
• Buying and selling of Church offices
• ___________________________________________
• Poorly trained and uneducated lower clergy
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• Spirituality of Laypeople
• Flowing from the ____________, __________ sparked
  a desire for learning among the common people

30
Causes (cont)

• Nationalism
• Fade of the Holy Roman Empire
• ___________________________________________
• _________________________
• Opening of Europe to the outside world growing
  importance of the laity
• _________________________
• 1455 Johannes Gutenberg prints first book, the
  Bible
• More people access to the Scriptures in the
  vernacular
• _____________________________________
• Taxation issues Peasants Revolt of 1525-26 A.D.

31
Beginnings

• __________________ is credited with beginning the
  Reformation, but he was reacting to practices
  that many felt needed to be addressed
• ___________________________________________
• Fr. Martin Luther O.S.A sent a letter to
  Archbishop Albrecht outlining some
  ______________ with the current state of
  affairs in the Church
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• Luthers ideas became known as the 95 Theses
• Would become one of the most famous documents in
  world history

32
Martin Luther

• _____________________ _____________________
• Focus of study, Church Fathers and Scripture
• ____________________ ____________________
• Key doctrine
• Justification is through __________ and
  ________________ of religious truth

33
Luther and Indulgences

• Luther attacked the practice of selling
  __________
• Indulgences
• _______________________________________________
  _______________________________________________
• Indulgences sold to raise money to rebuild St.
  Peters Basilica in Rome
• _____________________________
• 1518 Luther condemned at Augsburg and prodded to
  recant his Theses

34
Break with Catholicism

• 1520 Pope Leo X issued Exsurge Domine
• ________________________________________
  ________________________________________
• Luther responded by gathering some students and
  burning the document
• 1521 Leo X counters with another papal bull
• Decet Romanum Pontificem
• _____________________________________
• Diet of Worms (vertz)
• Meeting of the leadership of the Holy Roman
  Empire during which Luther refused to recant his
  beliefs

35
Break (cont)

• At Worms, Luther refused to recant (pg. 153)
• _____________________________
• Declaring Martin Luther a heretic who could be
  punished by death
• Led to the ______________________
• Luther fled in exile to Wartburg to refine his
  theology and translate another German edition of
  the Bible
• Other _________ used Luthers arguments to
  support their own issues
• _______________________________________

36
Attempts at Reunion

• For three decades, __________________
  _______________ to foster unity
• Peace of Augsburg, 1555 A.D.
• The prince or king of each state could select
  either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official
  religion of the territory
• People who didnt want to join the local religion
  could move to a different territory
• Thus, Luthers call for scholarly debate had
  become the basis for _____________________
  ___________________________________
• Western Christianity remains _______________

37
Differences in Teaching

• Initially, the reformers focused on ridding the
  Church of corrupt practices
• As time passed, ______________________ were
  developed in opposition to Church teaching
• Three main differences have lasted in some way to
  today separating Catholics and Protestants
• ________________________
• ________________________
• ________________________

38
ProtestantScripture

• One of Luthers fundamental principles was sola
  scriptura
• __________________ is the source of divine
  _________ and _____________
• Bible as ___________ divinely inspired
• Humans not perfect thus subject to error
• ___________________________
• Return to the _____________ for guidance in the
  spiritual life
• Scripture alone as the _________ for Christian
  life

39
CatholicScripture

• __________________________________
• New Testament written by members of the first
  Christian communities
• Canon of Scripture established by the early
  Church
• Scripture and Tradition are __________________
  and are the ______________
• Both are from God _________________
• _____________ is based on reflecting and applying
  Scripture to ___________________

40
ProtestantJustification

• Luther witnessed a confused understanding of how
  someone was saved
• Rural Christians treated sacraments as magic
  rites granting salvation
• Humanism placed the importance of action and
  growth entirely on the human person
• Luther rejected both
• Justification by faith
• _________________________________________
  _________________________________________
• __________________ faith as a gift from God
• Works are a way of ________________ not
  increasing it

41
CatholicJustification

• Humans are _______________ of Gods grace
• Faith is not a ___________, exclusive
  relationship between an ___________________
• __________________ in the context of the
  community
• Jesus as _______ Lord and Savior
• Actions (___________) are a necessary part of
  living out a life of receiving Gods grace
• James 214-26

42
ProtestantPriesthood

• Luther opposed a separate priestly caste
• Praised the ________________________ as the ideal
  state
• As a priest himself, he later married and
  fathered children
• Priesthood of all believers
• By the virtue of faith, all Christians are
  priests
• _____________________________________
• Less importance placed on ritual actions
• The ________ more important than ritual actions
• Pulpit replaces altar in significance
• Only ____________________ recognized by most
  Protestants
• Only ones specifically instituted by Christ

43
CatholicPriesthood

• All Christians share in the priesthood of the
  Baptized
• _____________________________
• Christ instituted the priesthood at the Last
  Supper
• Washing the feet of the Apostles
• ____________________________
• Priests also responsible for offering sacrifices
  on behalf of the people
• Referring to the Jewish priesthood
• ________________ sacraments (outward signs of
  Gods love)
• ___________________________
• Seven sacraments

44
Spread of Protestantism

• France
• The Protestant didnt have as much influence in
  France
• Government had better control of internal affairs
• French scholars negated Protestant ideas early on
• French Protestants
• Huguenots did gather strength during the 16th
  century
• Edict of Nantes, 1598
• Decree granting some rights to Huguenots
  including building churches in specific villages
• Ended a series of religious wars in France
• Protestant-Catholic conflicts created a critical
  attitude toward Church leaders
• Spain
• Avoided Protestant influence due to three
  factors
• Reforms of Isabella
• Threat of force from the Inquisition
• Exceptional spiritual figures

45
Henry VIII Anglican Church

• Henry VIII lacked a male heir to the throne
• Petitioned for an annulment denied
• 1533 Henry VIII declared as head of the Church of
  England
• Separation from Rome and the rest of the Church
• Initially separation based on political, not
  religious, issues
• The Church of England (Anglican Church) as not
  fully Protestant yet not fully Catholic

46
Two Protestant Reformers

• Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) spread Reformation
  ideas in Switzerland
• Advocated Scripture as the sole source of truth
• Became head of the church and state in Zurich
• Established a theocracy
• Form of government in which religious leaders are
  the secular leaders as well
• Eventually would move away from Luther and set up
  Reformed Christianity
• Protestant groups emerging in Europe from the
  Reformation and following primarily the teachings
  of Zwingli and Calvin

47
Reformers (cont)

• John Calvin (1509-1564) enormous impact on
  Reformed Christianity
• Established a Presbyterian form of leadership
• Governance by a group of elders
• Based all laws on the Bible as interpreted by the
  elders
• Predestination
• Belief that God has selected some people for hell
  and others for heaven regardless of any personal
  actions or merit
• Not many included in the elect

48
Catholic Heroes of the Reformation

• __________________________
• Combined faith in God with the spirit of the
  Renaissance focused on reform without bloodshed
  or animosity
• __________________________
• Martyred by Henry VIII
• Willingly gave his life in defense of principles
  of the faith
• __________________________
• Tried to present Luthers theology in a way
  compatible with Catholicism longed for a
  reunited Church

49
Catholic Reformation

• ________________________________
• __________ preferred over _________
• Reform from within, not simply an attempt to
  _________ Luther and the reformers
• Attempted to clean up _____________ and
  _________________ on various matters
• Closely identified with the _____________

50
Council of Trent

• Series of ecumenical meetings in Trent, Germany
  between 1545 and 1563 A.D.
• Two purposes
• _____________________
• _____________________
• Major reforms
• Revitalization of the ordained priesthood and
  episcopacy
• _____________________________________
• _____________________________________
  _____________________________________
• _____________________________________

51
Trent (cont)

• The council was an opportunity to clarify Church
  teachings
• _________________________________________
• Results of clarification
• ______________________________________
• Official statement of fundamental beliefs in
  precise terms
• ___________________
• Not a weapon, but a book containing the words and
  actions of a priest for ritual actions
• Clear statement of the number of _____________, 7