Preview

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Challenges of the Late Middle Ages

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Religious Crises
• Wars and Conflict
• Map Hundred Years War
• Faces of History Joan of Arc

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Challenges of the Late Middle Ages

• Preview, continued
• Black Death
• Quick Facts Effects of the Plague
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video The Impact of the Bubonic Plague

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Challenges of the Late Middle Ages
Main Idea In the late Middle Ages, Europeans
faced many challenges, including religious
crises, wars, and a deadly plague.

• Reading Focus
• What sorts of religious crises did Europe face
  during the late Middle Ages?
• What were the causes of war and conflict in the
  late Middle Ages?
• What was the Black Death, and how did it affect
  people?

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Religious Crises
In 1346, Europe faced challenges to its
religious, political and social order. Since
Christianity tied most Europeans together,
religious crises were a grave threat to all
society.
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• Fighting heresy
• Inquisitions primary method of fighting heresy
• Legal procedures supervised by special judges who
  tried suspected heretics
• Accused came before court, local authorities
  punished guilty parties

• Other means
• Francis of Assisi, Dominic of Osma, created new
  religious orders
• Members of orders, friars, spread Christian
  teachings among people
• War also used to fight heresy
• Pope Innocent III called for crusade against
  heretics in southern France, 1208 spent 20 years
  trying to eliminate heretics there

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The Papacy in Dispute

• Adding to turmoil in medieval church, a dispute
  over the papacy
• Political fighting in Rome, 1309
• Pope forced to flee to Avignon, southern France
• Next several popes also lived at Avignon
• 100 years of dispute
• 70 years later, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome
• Upon his death, disagreement over new pope two
  claimed power, one in Rome, one in Avignon
• Council of Pisa tried to settle dispute, created
  third claim to office
• Conflict unresolved, three popes reigned in
  Europe for 40 years

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Find the Main Idea What religious challenges
did Europeans face in the later Middle Ages?
Answer(s) the Inquisition, location of the
papacy, who would be the next pope
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Wars and Conflict
Wars were also being fought so political leaders
could gain power for themselves. The two most
violent involved the kings of England.
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Hundred Years War
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Wars of the Roses

• No end of fighting
• Shortly after peace with France, two families
  began war over English throne
• Lancasters, used red rose as emblem Yorks, used
  white rose as emblem
• Conflict became known as Wars of the Roses

• Yorkist victories
• Yorkists successful early Edward IV took throne,
  1461
• Won significant victories over Lancastrians
• Trouble began after Edwards death

• Richard III
• Edwards sons disappeared after his death
  brother, Richard III, crowned king
• Richard faced number of uprisings killed in
  battle of Bosworth Field, 1485
• Tudor Henry VII claimed throne, neither York nor
  Lancaster new era began

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Summarize How did fights over the thrones of
England and France lead to conflict in medieval
Europe?
Answer(s) heirs unclear dispute over French
throne led to Hundred Years' War dispute over
English throne led to Wars of the Roses
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Black Death

• Another crisis
• Hundred Years War took toll on English, French
  armies
• At same time another crisis struck, between 1347
  and 1351
• Black Death, deadly plague

• Different theories
• Historians unsure what disease was, or if single
  disease
• One theory, combination of two different plagues
• Bubonic, pneumonic

• Origins
• Brought to Europe by merchant sailors from Genoa
• Plague contracted in Asia
• Flea-infected rats moved from Genoa to European
  ports

• Spread quickly
• Plague traveled with merchants
• Spread quickly, struck coastal regions first,
  moved inland
• Almost all of Europe touched by Black Death by
  1351

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Black Death

• Course of the Disease
• Black Death, one of worst global killers in all
  history
• Symptoms dark splotches, high fever, vomiting,
  severe headaches
• Almost always fatal, most who caught plague died
  within days
• Priests and doctors who tended sick also caught
  plague, died
• Plague devastated Europe, Central Asia, North
  Africa, Byzantine Empire

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Analyze How did the Black Death help end the
manorial system?
Answer(s) reduced labor supply survivors
demanded wages left manors for cities manor
system collapsed
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VideoThe Impact of the Bubonic Plague
Click above to play the video.