Biodiesel World 2006 Dependancy Waste Land Labor

1
Biodiesel World 2006 Dependancy? Waste Land?
Labor?

• J.Connemann, J.Fischer,
• Presentation to the
• BIODIESEL CONCLAVE
• Panchayats and Petroleum Towards Biodiesel
  Economy
• November 5, 2005
• New Delhi, INDIA

2
Hamburg
Leer
Amsterdam
ADM Archer Daniels Midland Company Decatur, IL,
USA 26.000 Employees, 250 Processing Plants, 36
billion USD
Rotterdam
3
March 23, 1750
best new linseed to sell
4
Oil and Soap Factory Connemann in 1894
5
City House Leer, Christmas 2004
6
Fundamentals lead to Biofuels

• Resources of petroleum and natural gas limited
• North Sea region Oil 10 years (current
  production)
• natural gas
  20-25 years
• Unfavorable geographical distribution
  
• petroleum 78 in OPEC areas, mainly Near East
• natural gas 32 Russia 39 OPEC
• Depletion mid-point reached soon
• Worldwide transportation needs liquid energy
• Gulf crisis August 2, 1990, triggered biodiesel
  at LEER
• CO2 abatement minus 15 tons CO2 per hectare

7
The Energy Ellipsus
Approx. 70 of worldwide oil resources and 40
of gas resources are held in the region between
Kaspic Sea and the Persian Golf
8
Fig.1 ex The World Petroleum Life-Cycle,
R.C.Duncan, W.Youngquist, UCLA, October 22,
1998 comp. www.dieoff.com/page133.pdf
9
(No Transcript)
10
Oil or Fat to Biodiesel (FAME)

• Triacylglycerol
• methanol (from biomass?)
• catalyst gives
• ester glycerine
• the hooked tripod molecule
• is changed to
• slippery ester chains, thus
• viscosity is reduced from
• 60 to 4 cSt (like diesel fuel)

Molecule models
11
Biodiesel High Cetane Diesel Fuel by Nature

• FAME is an ideal compression-ignition fuel
• ester molecule very similar to cetane

12
European Union THERMIE 93 Project - DG TREN CD
PROCESS delivers hiQ Biodiesel

• 1990 CD PROCESS system Connemann-ADM
• developed in Leer/Germany, many patents granted
  
• (Patents EU,RA,BR,CDN,VRC,IND,RI,MAL,PL,US),
• scaled-up in 2 steps, since 1995
• 1. European Industrial Demo-Plant Biodiesel
• supported 22 by National European
  Authorities
• own complete PLCMMI-control system
• today 120.000 tonnes/year in mild hi-chem
  technology
• continuous, top-efficient, astonishing sustained
  quality

13
(No Transcript)
14
This result in 1993 confirmed the
superior suitability of biodiesel (of future EN
quality) as an self-igniting fuel in common
diesel engines and gave us stable
confidence and safety
With following remarks Picture 78
Injector (cylinder 1, fuel RME No.1, runtime
500 hrs)
15
2.Pilot CD-Plant in 1993 5,000 gal p day
16
1. European Industr. Demo Plant in 1995 100,000
gal p day
17
(No Transcript)
18
BIODIESEL by ADM Leer 120,000 tpy -
1995 Hamburg I 160,000 - 2002 Hamburg II 240,000
- 2005 Mainz 280,000 tpy -2006
19
(No Transcript)
20
Crude oil
Gums
Pre-degumming
Alcoholic Neutralization
Discharge of 1. Reaction from Transesterification
Trans- esterification
Methylester
Heavy phase from Alc. Neutralization
Heavy Phase
Soapsplitting
ffa
Glycerol- processing
B.Harten /2300 Oils- and Fats-Processing
21
Alcoholic RefiningResults of running plants and
additional tests

C GEA-Westfalia 2005
22
Special Degumming Alcoholic NeutralizationRapese
ed Oil, Soybean Oil, Palm Oil
Alcoholic Neutralisation Westfalia Patent
Säure Acid
Lauge Lye
Wasser Water
Methanol Acid
Glycerine / Methanol / Water/Soap / Gums
M
Neutral Oil Methanol
Glycerin / Methanol /Alkohol/Alkali Glycerine /
Methanol / Alcohol /Alkaline
23
CD PROCESS system Connemann-ADM 2006
Crude Oil 1015 kg
Fatty Acid
Hydrochloric acid
Acid Catalyst

1
1
Phosphoric Acid
Special Degumming
Base Catalyst
GumsOil
AlcoholicNeutralisation
Methanol 109 kg
Base Transesterification
Transesterification
Soap Splitting
Methanol Recovery
GlycerineEvaporation
1
1
Crude Glycerine 80
Crude glycerine
Acid Esterification
Glycerine Distillation
Distillation

Glycerine Bleaching
Patents EP 0562504, US 5,534,878 PatApplPubl DE
10243700A1
Biodiesel 1000 kg
Salt
Pharma Glycerine
Glycerine 99,7 EP 96 kg
Biodiesel
c connemann-ADM 05
24
Biodiesel Superdiesel 2004

• Cetane 54-58
• Sulphurfree, only 2-6 ppm
• no aromates, no benzene
• stable and longlasting
• efficiency of catal. converters
• very low CO, HC, PAH,
• lower pm, NOx better 2,
• exorbitant lubricity additive,
• less wear (-50)
• CFPP -22C, operability -20C

25
Biodiesel Field Experiences

• Since 1973 numerous tests worldwide, to
  mention
• 1978-88 éster métilico de óleo de soja (MWM do
  Brasil)
• 1987-90 Palm ester in Kuala Lumpur
• 1991-92 Taxi experiments Freiburg/Germany
• 1992-93 Porsche-Weissach 2 types RME 500
  hrs
• June 1991 Own production in Leer/Germany
• since 1996 VW approval and 400.000 cars (B100)
• today in Austria, Sweden
  and Germany
• since 1995 versus todays 10-15 million cars
  (B02)
• with additivated diesel EN
  590 in France

26
Biodiesel Sales in Germany15 Years 1991-2005
approx 400 MM gals per yr
2005 Estimate
27
Particulate Matter
Source A.Schäfer, MB (1997)
28
Biodiesel/Diesel-blendsLubricity and wear
Source SGS control-co, Speyer (1996)
29
Feedstock-Prices
75 /bbl crude
24.8.00 Begin RenResAge
30
SourceJ.A.Kinast, SR-510-31460 (March 2003),
NREL, CO, USA
31
Global CO2 DevelopmentAssessment for Different
Fuels
32
Global CO2 DevelopmentInternal Combustion Engine
(ICE) or Fuel Cell (FC)
Source C.Carpetis, J.Nitsch, MTZ 60 (1999) 2
ICE Biodiesel inserted by JC
33
European Commissions Directives 2003on
Promotion and Taxation of Biofuels for Transport

• Directive 2003/30/EC
• Ensure 2 of biofuels (biodiesel bioethanol)
• for all gasoline diesel sales by end 2005
• Increase by 0.75 annually to reach 5.75 in
  2010
• This applies for pure or blended biofuels
• As indicative targets for member states, not
  mandatory!
• Directive 2003/98/EC
• Reduction or even total exemption of excise
  duty is
• allowed, member states are free to decide
• Germany since 6-02 All Biofuels free until
  2008,
• same for
  blends pro rata !!!

34
Glycerine Demand worldwide 95
Reality 2001
2,5/year?
20/year?
EC 7.11.01
Glycerine from Biodiesel 95
10/year?
c connemann 95
35
Situation 2003
Globally in 1,000 mt
thsd mt
950 Glycerol kosher 99.5 - 630 pmt
Glycerol tallow-based - 530 pmt
_________________________________
400 Trimethylol prop. (TMP) - 1,450 pmt
Pentaerythritol (Penta) - 1,450 pmt
1,500 Propylene glycol (PG) - 1,050 pmt
1,100 Sorbitol - EU 700 pmt (100)
7,500 Monoethylene glycol (MEG) - 725 pmt
Diethylene glycol (DEG) - 725 pmt
Price level Dec 2003
Source M.Heming, OGMR (12-2003)
36
Impact and Role of Glycerine

• Principle 10 of Biodiesel Production is
  Glycerine
• Used today in more than 1,000 applications
• Current Glycerine Demand 950,000 tons/yr
  worldwide
• Biodiesel squeezes Glycerine, RD challenged,
  develope
• New Uses and New Chances for this Natural
  Alcohol
• Glycerine Molecule interesting versatile
  chemical tool
• 2 strange Ideas outside known uses for possibly
  big Quantities
• GTBE instead of MTBE as Nontoxic
  Oxygenate for Fuels
• (comp. H.Noureddini in US 6,014,440
  filed Oct 31, 1997)
• Thermal Flow controlling Isolation
  Materials at 18 C m.p.
• (comp. G.Suppes, Phase Change
  Materials, Boise, ID, 2002)

37
Asset Integration of Synthetic Producers
Chlorine
Propylene
Allyl Chloride
EDC/VCM/PVC
Propylene Oxide
Polypropylene Acrylonitrile Oxo
Chemicals Cumene Isopropanol Acrylic Acid C2-C3
Elastomers
Chlorinated Solvents
Quat 188
Epichlorohydrin
Epoxy Resins
Chlorinated By-products
Br Polyethers
Glycerin
PU Polyols
CFC/HCFC/HFC
Di Poly Glycerine
Soil Fumigants
Source Dow Chemical Co.
38
J.Mahaffey, WOC 05, Athens
39
(No Transcript)
40
Tissue Culture - Gewebekultur
41
(No Transcript)
42
Propagation by Tissue Culture Cloning
43
(No Transcript)
44
Potential for Palm Oil and Soybean Oil Production
in 2020
50
510
100
in millions of hectares with 5-6 tons of
oil per hectare up to 200 bill. gallons of
biodiesel diesel fuel world demand but High
investment afforded, slow development

Soybeans and corn for biodiesel ethanol easily
to develop
45
The Indian Scene

• Strong annual growth of population and economy,
  but
• edible oil imports 4-5 million tons
  per year
• mineral oil imports 90-100 million
  tons per year
• Chance to answer with renewables
• non-edible tree-based seed-oils like
• JATROPHA curcas
  (Ratanjyot)
• PONGAMIA pinnata
  (Honge, Karanj), etc
• to develop on available millions of hectares of
  waste or degraded land, sufficient yields after
  3-4 years, potential of yearly
• 10-20 million tons of clean fuel
  reachable until year 2015,
• gives labor in agriculture for 2 million
  people 500 factories

46
Jatropha curcas L.
hardy plant, well adopted to arid or semi-arid
conditions Low fertility and moisture
demand Grows on stony, shallow or even
calcareous soil Propagated through seed or
cuttings Tolerate to scanty to heavy
rainfall 2500 plants per hectare, Yield 2-3 tons
per hectare (5th year) (Study by Agro-Forestry
Federation Maharashtra (1991)
)
47
Pongamia seed (Honge, Karanj) 2-3 cm beans,
36 oil, fatty acids 25 satd, 75 unsatd
48
(No Transcript)
49
K.Becker, Uni Hohenheim Jatropha Plantation in
Gujarat, India Aug/Sept 2004
50
K.Becker, UoHohenheim, 2005 Madagascar
Plantation at Andranofano
51
K.Becker, UoHohenheim Big Collection of Jatropha
Seeds from different Regions of the
World
52
K.Becker, UoHohenheim Jatropha in Madagascar
Small nursery near Antananarivo
53
Betterment of the Plants
Germplasm No Efforts at Improvement of Jatropha
Genetic Material thus far
X
?
Seed yield 20 plants over 4 years without inputs
on poor soil
Wide collection of germplasm, their genetic and
agronomic characterisation and development of
tissue culture techniques for large scale
propagation of the elite germplasm need to be
developed (K.Becker,
UoHohenheim, 2005)
54
Biodiesel from Inedible OilsNecessary
Prerequisites

• Broad RD in soil-type adapted genotypes of
  suitable plants,
• propagation by seeds, cuttings or tissue
  culture
• Development of plantations under different
  climatic conditions,
• suitable cropping methods, agronomic education
  for farmers
• Adaptation of existing processing industry
  (oilseed crushers)
• and stepwise erection of biodiesel units
• Biodiesel RD in blends with available diesel
  fuel qualities
• Secure all investments by long-term legal
  measurements
• Stepwise (yearly) increase of mandatory
  blend B01 to B05
• under adapted guaranteed prices Time
  Frame 2005-2025

55
Courtesy Egyptian Ministries of Agriculture and
Environment, supplied by K.Becker, G.Francis,
UoHohenheim/Germany 7-05
56
Courtesy Egyptian Ministries of Agriculture and
Environment, supplied by K.Becker, G.Francis,
UoHohenheim/Germany 7-05
57
finis

• Thank you - grazie mille - palion kiitoksia -
  hartelijk - dziekuje dankeschön - merci beaucoup
  - dakujem - muchas gracias - spasibo bolshoe -
  tack sa mycket - efharisto - köszönöm szépen -
  muito obrigado - mange tak - doumo
  arigatougozaimasu - terima kasih -,
• ladies and gentlemen, for your attention for
• our biodiesel - in this glycening hall of
  FAME.
• Sustainability (as Terry from Belfast says)
• means for ever and ever. Amen.