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Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov,

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Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov, sklepov zdru enj in usklajenega delovanja (81 PES) ... Dokazati obstoj naslednjih elementov: vec podjetij ... Dokazno breme? ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov,


1
Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov,
  • sklepov združenj in usklajenega delovanja (81 PES)

2
81 PES
3
Namen 81. clena PES
  • Prepoved omejevalnih sporazumov
  • Horizontalnih
  • Vertikalnih

4
Struktura 81. clena 1. odst.
  • Vsebuje prepoved sodelovanja (collusion) ki ima
    za posledico
  • .
  • navaja tipicne primere
  • Dokazati obstoj naslednjih elementov
  • vec podjetij
  • sodelovanje (collusion)
  • ki ima namen ali ucinek v omejevanju konkurence
    (preprecevanje, omejevanje ali izkrivljanje )
  • zadosten ucinek na konkurenco
  • zadosten ucinek na trgovanje med DC

5
Struktura 81. clena
  • 2. Odst sankcija-
  • avtomaticno nicnost (delna nicnost ECJ)
  • 3. odst - izjeme
  • 1. odst. se ne uporablja za sporazume, ki
    izpolnjujejo 4 pogoje (2, 2-)
  • pozitivnih ucinkov vec kot negativnih

6
Izjeme
  • Stari sistem
  • predhodno (ex ante) dodeljena izjema (K)
  • Individualna (notifikacija)
  • Skupinska (block exemption)
  • Novi sistem
  • UVK-DC (ex post)
  • K skupinske izjeme ostanejo

7
Posledice kršitve
  • Nicnost
  • Preiskava, kazni (K)
  • Preiskava, kazni (DC-UVK)
  • Za podjetja
  • Za posameznike
  • Odškodnine v civilnih postopkih

8
Dokazno breme?
  • The presumption of innocence resulting in
    particular from Article 6(2) of the European
    Convention on Human Rights is one of the
    fundamental rights which, are protected in the
    Community legal order the principle of the
    presumption of innocence applies to the
    procedures relating to infringements of the
    competition rules applicable to undertakings that
    may result in the imposition of fines or periodic
    penalty payments. (Hülst v. Commission)

9
Generalna klavzula (81/1)
  • Kot nezdružljivi s skupnim trgom so prepovedani
    vsi sporazumi med podjetji, sklepi podjetniških
    združenj in usklajena ravnanja, ki bi lahko
    prizadeli trgovino med državami clanicami in
    katerih cilj oziroma posledica je preprecevanje,
    omejevanje ali izkrivljanje konkurence na skupnem
    trgu

10
Elementi generalne klavzule
  • Podjetje
  • Podjetniško združenje
  • Sporazum
  • Sklep
  • Usklajeno ravnanje
  • Namen ali ucinek je preprecevanje omejevanje ali
    izkrivljanje konkurence
  • Vpliv na konkurenco
  • Vpliv na trgovino med DC

11
Podjetje
  • Vsaka enota, ki izvršuje gospodarsko dejavnost ne
    glede na pravno-organizacijsko obliko in vire
    financiranja (Höfner Elser v Macroton,
    (C-41/90 1991)),

12
Združenje podjetij
  • BNIC), v Guy Clair Case 123/83
  • Ni pomembna organizacijska oblika, pravna
    osebnost
  • Važno, da odlocitev vpliva na ravnanje clanov
  • Razlika med združenjem in podjetjem (koncern)

13
Sporazum c.a.
  • 81 prepoveduje sodelovanje
  • Vec subjektov
  • Odnos med oblikami sodelovanja

14
Vsebina
  • Dolocanje cen
  • Dolocanje obsega proizvodnje/prodaje
  • Delitev trgov, odjemalcev, geografskih podrocij

15
Sporazumi, sklepi in usklajena delovanja
  • The list in Article 81(1) of the Treaty is
    intended to apply to all collusion between
    undertakings, whatever the form it takes. There
    is continuity between the cases listed. The only
    essential thing is the distinction between
    independent conduct, which is allowed, and
    collusion, which is not, regardless of any
    distinction between types of collusion.

16
Sporazum
  • the existence of a concurrence of wills between
    at least two parties, the form in which it is
    manifested being unimportant so long as it
    constitutes the faithful expression of the
    parties' intention. (Bayer AG v Commission ,
    Case T-41/96, ECR 2000 II-03383)

17
Sporazum
  • Agreement, Vereinbarung
  • Pojem ni enak kot v civilnem pravu
  • skupna volja glede preprecevanja
  • Najmanj 2 subjekta
  • Enostransko ravnanje
  • Dogovori znotraj koncernov

18
Sporazum
  • Zadostuje tudi gentlemen's agreement (Quinine).
  • Ni treba, da je pravno zavezujoc,
  • Oblika ni važna, lahko se obstoj destilira iz
    okolišcin.
  • Lahko se na obstoj sklepa na podlagi daljšega
    poslovnega odnosa med strankama.

19
Prisotnost na sestankih
  • the fact that Air Liquide and Westfalen
    participated in several meetings, and that the
    object of these meetings was to restrict
    competition, is confirmed by the documentary
    evidence in the Commission's file. The finding
    that the behaviour described constitutes
    agreements within the meaning of Article 81(1) of
    the Treaty is not altered even if it is
    established that one or more participants had no
    intention to implement the joint intentions
    expressed by them.

20
  • Having regard to the manifestly anti-competitive
    nature of the meetings at which intentions were
    expressed, the undertakings concerned, by taking
    part without publicly distancing themselves, gave
    the other participants the impression that they
    subscribed to what was discussed and would act in
    conformity with it. The notion of "agreement" is
    objective in nature. The actual motives (and
    hidden intentions) which underlay the behaviour
    adopted are irrelevant. (Industrial and Medical
    Gases 2003 OJ L84/1)

21
Sporazum sklenjen pod prisilo
  • Naceloma kaznivo
  • Lahko se oprosti kazen pri malih podjetjih
  • Proti lastnemu ekonomskemu interesu (npr. mora
    pristati na prepoved izvoza)

22
Ravnanje podrejenih
  • Ni treba odlocitev vodstva
  • Tudi ce podrejeni niso ravnali po nalogu vodstva
  • Pravo ES ne predvideva sankcij proti posameznim
    uslužbencem

23
Horizontalni sporazumi
P4
P1
P2
P3
24
Vertikalni sporazumi
P
GU-SLO
D-MB
25
Consten Grundig
  • Consten je bil ekskluzivni distributer
    Grundigovih izdelkov v Franciji. Prav takoje imel
    ekskluzivno pravico v Franciji uporabljati
    Grundigovo blagovno znamko GINT (Grundig
    International). V skladu s pogodbo Consten ni
    smel prodajati konkurencnih izdelkov drugih
    proizvajalcev. Komisija je odlocila, da pogodba
    med Constenom in Grundigom krši 81. clen PES.
    Consten je vložil pravno sredstvo pri SES.

26
Vertikalni sporazumi
P
GU-SLO
GU-H
GU-A
D-BP
D-GRZ
D-MB
D-LJ
D-KP
27
Enostransko ravnanje in sporazum
  • ECJ The only essential thing is the distinction
    between independent conduct, which is allowed,
    and collusion, which is not...
  • 81. in 82. clen PES
  • Sandoz export prohibited
  • Selektivni distribucijski sistemi
  • AEG
  • Bayer

28
Enostransko ravnanje
  • A refusal by a manufacturer to approve
    distributors who satisfy the qualitative criteria
    of his system of selective distribution does not
    constitute, on the part of the undertaking,
    unilateral conduct On the contrary, such an
    attitude forms part of the contractual relations
    between the undertaking and resellers, since the
    admission of a distributor is based on the
    acceptance, tacit or express, by the contracting
    parties of the policy pursued by the undertaking,
    which requires inter alia the exclusion from the
    network of distributors who are qualified for
    admission but are not prepared to adhere to that
    policy.(AEG v. Commission, 107/82, (1983) ECR
    3151) )
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