Chapter 12 Industrial States

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Chapter 12 Industrial States
Factory Dramatizations
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Todays Objectives

• How are industrial states similar to and
  different from agricultural states? From bands,
  tribes, and chiefdoms?
• Explain what the Industrial Revolution was.
• What were some causes?
• What happened to states that were revolutionized?

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Definitions

• Industrial Revolution Broad changes that
  occurred in Europe in the 18th century
• Industrial society uses sophisticated
  technology based on machinery powered by advanced
  fuels to produce material goods
• Nation-states political communities that have
  clearly defined territorial boundaries dividing
  them from one another

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The Industrial Revolution

• Causes
• NOT superiority of Europeans
• Lack of geographic barriers
• Increased contact and trade
• Military force
• Political center of power
• Global diffusion of ideas
• Effects
• Modernization
• Economic, social, political, and religious
  changes
• Took more than 400 years
• Is ongoing

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Environment and Demography

• Environment
• Based on agriculture, fossil fuels
• Fuel is the source of energy, not people
• Demography
• Increase in population (early)
• More food
• Control of diseases
• About 3 annually in Europe
• Stabilization of population (later)
• Called the demographic transition
• Urbanization
• Modernization

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Technology and Economy

• Industrialization fueled by technology
• Division of labor
• Three sectors primary, secondary, tertiary
• Postindustrial societies
• Economic exchange
• Market economies (not based on kinship)
• Supply and demand (Smith vs. Marx)

Top Adam Smith Bottom Karl Marx
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Economy

• Capitalism and Socialism
• Capitalism
• Resources and labor are privately owned
• Three basic ideals private property, maximal
  profits, free competition
• In the US and Japan
• Socialism
• State owns the means of production
• Basic idea providing for everyones basic needs
  is more important than making a few people rich
• In the former USSR
• Democratic socialism in Sweden, England, etc.

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Economy

• Organizations
• Oligopoly a few corporations control production
• Monopoly one corporation cornered the market
  (reduced free competition)
• Multinational Corporations organizations that
  have offices in different parts of the world
• Consumer Societies
• Advertising has created consumer needs

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Social Structure

• Kinship
• Less important (achieved status)
• Family
• No longer extended (geographic mobility)
• No longer main economic unit
• Marriage now more individualized
• Divorce more prevalent in most societies

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Social Structure

• Gender
• Division of labor
• Women expected to work outside of the home and
  within the home
• Often take clerical-type jobs
• Female status
• Higher than in non-technologically advanced
  societies
• Feminism
• Arose in the 1960s
• Belief that women are equal to men and should
  have equal rights and opportunities
• ERA in 1972
• Age
• Elderly lose economic power
• Diminished role in passing on knowledge

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Social Stratification

• Industrial societies are open societies
• Based on complex division of labor
• Social status is changeable
• Still distinctive classes
• British and American class systems
• Structural mobility
• Britain 3 classes
• America 5 classes (p. 288)
• Ethnic/Racial stratification

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Political Organization

• Popular sovereignty
• Nationalism
• Byproduct of literacy
• Media promotion of ideas
• Parallels religious cosmologies
• Socialist states
• Marx felt were transitional states to communism
• USSR was not a true form of communism instead, a
  totalitarian government

Nationalist Symbols United States and Nazi
Germany
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Law

• More formalized in industrial societies
• Officials
• Literacy, writing
• Police force
• Administrative law
• Courts adjudicate and mediate
• Induces social change
• Japanese law

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Warfare

• Increase in warfare linked to technological
  advances
• Tanks, planes, nuclear weapons, etc.
• Nationalistic wars in distant regions
• Goal to establish
• homogeneity over foreign
• peoples
• Example WWI

Top WWII A-Bomb dropped on Nagasaki, August 9,
1945 Bottom WWI Handley-Page Bomber, c. 1916
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Religion

• Secularization
• Definition the decline in the influence of
  religion on society
• Influenced all industrialized states
• Influenced many disciplines (medicine, etc.)
• U.S. still one of the most religious societies in
  the world (88 believe in a higher power)
• Relates to ethnic, political, and social class
• Secularization in USSR and Japan