Connectors

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CHAPTER 1
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Connectors
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• 1.1 connector features and losses brief

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• Since fiber optic technology was introduced in
  the late 70s Each new design was meant to offer
  better performance
• less light loss and back reflection.
• easier termination.
• and lower cost.
• End gaps cause two problems
• Insertion loss emerging cone of light from the
  connector will spill over the core of the
  receiving fiber and be lost.
• return loss the air gap between the fibers
  causes a reflection when the light encounters the
  change n refractive index from the glass fiber to
  the air in the gap. This reflection (called
  fresnel reflection) amounts to about 5 in
  typical flat polished connectors, and means that
  no connector with an air gap can have less than
  0.3 dB loss.

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• Two sources of loss are directional
• numerical aperture (NA) Light from a fiber with
  a larger NA will be more sensitive to angularity
  and end gap, so transmission from a fiber of
  larger NA to one of smaller NA will be higher
  loss than the reverse.
• core diameter light from a larger fiber will
  have high loss coupled to a fiber of smaller
  diameter, while one can couple a small diameter
  fiber to a large diameter fiber with minimal loss.

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1.2 Basic components of the connector
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Connector types
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1.3 Installing Fiber Optic Connectors
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• 1.3.1 Primary installing
• Cut the cable one inch longer than the required
  finished length.
• Carefully strip the outer jacket of the fiber
  with no nick fiber strippers.
• Thoroughly clean the bared fiber with isopropyl
  alcohol poured onto a soft, lint-free cloth such
  as Kimwipes.
• The connector may be connected by applying epoxy
  or by crimping.
• Anchor the cable strength members to the
  connector body.
• Prepare the fiber face to achieve a good optical
  finish by cleaving and polishing the fiber end.
  Before the connection is made, the end of each
  fiber must have a smooth finish that is free of
  defects such as hackles, lips, and fractures.

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1.3.2 CleavingCleaving involves cutting the
fiber end flush with the end of the
ferrule.cleaving may be done by hand, a cleaver
tool, available from such manufacturers as
Fujikura.Figure 1.4 - A Well-cleaved Multimode
Fiber
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1.3.3 PolishingAfter a clean cleave has been
achieved, the fiber end face is attached to a
polishing brush, and the fiber is ground and
polished.Figure 1.5- Polishing Technique
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Chapter 2

• splices

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Splicing operation

• 1- Fiber end operation .
• 2- Fiber alignment
• 3-Fiber retention
• 
  

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Splicing methods

• 1-Fusion Splicing
• 2-Mechanical Splicing

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End separation
Transverse offset
Angular misalignment
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Loss in splices

• 1- Alligment loss
• 2- Return loss
• 3- End gaps loss
• 4-  Retention loss
• 5- Intrinsic loss ( different in fiber connection
  )

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Fusion splicers
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LID-light injection and detection system
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Losses in splicing
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How to splices two cables

• 1-Cable Access
• 2-Splicing Shelters
• 3-Supplies and Equipment
• 4-Cable Entry
• 5-Cable Preparation
• 6-Splice Enclosures
• 7-Splicing
• 8-Acceptance Testing
• 9-Splice Storage
• 10-Practice and Training

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CHAPTER 3

• COUPLERS

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Couplers

• Definition
• Excess Loss
• Types of couplers
• DIFFUSION COUPLERS
• AREA-SPLITTING COUPLERS
• BEAM-SPLITTER COUPLERS

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1- DIFFUSION COUPLERS

• Evanescent wave coupling.
• Single mode
• Radiative coupling.
• Multi-mode
• Fused Biconical Taper Coupler

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• Fused Biconical Taper Coupler
• Transmission star and reflective star couplers

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2- AREA-SPLITTING COUPLERS
3- BEAM-SPLITTER COUPLERS
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WAVELENGTH-SELECTIVE COUPLERS
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Coupling in polarization maintaining fibers

• Polished couplers .
• Diffusion or radiative couplers.
• Polarization preserving couplers .
• Polarization selective couplers.

Polished directional coupler
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Application

• Local-area network (LAN).
• Duplex Network.
• Tee Network.
• Star Network.
• Ring Network
• Advantages of fiber.

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Directional Coupler

• Operation.
• Losses (Throughput Loss , Tap Loss ,
  Directionality , Excess loss , insertion Losses )

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Duplex Network
Tee Network
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Star Network
Ring Network
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Source Coupling Losses

• Reflection loss .
• Area mismatch loss .
• Packing-fraction loss.
• Numerical-aperture loss.

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Practical example
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Advanced Features of Bi EDF
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