XML Extensible Markup Language

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XML (Extensible Markup Language

• XML is a markup language.
• XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language.
• The XML standard was created by W3C to provide
  an easy to use and standardized way to store
  self-describing data (self-describing data is
  data that describes both its content and its
  structure).

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Communication Between Application
XML is nothing by itself. XML is more of a
"common ground" standard. The main benefit of XML
is that you can use it to take data from a
program like MSSQL (Microsoft SQL), convert it
into XML, then share that XML with a slough of
other programs and platforms What makes XML truly
powerful is the international acceptance it has
received. Many individuals and corporations have
put forth their hard work to make XML interfaces
for databases, programming, office application,
mobile phones and more.
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Applications of XML

• Cell Phones - XML data is sent to some
  cell phones. The data is then formatted by the
  specification of the cell phone software designer
  to display text or images, and even to play
  sounds!
• File Converters - Many applications have
  been written to convert existing documents into
  the XML standard. An example is a PDF to XML
  converter.
• VoiceXML - Converts XML documents into an
  audio format so that you can listen to an XML
  document.

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Free XML Viewer

• Internet Explorer 6.0 supports viewing XML files.
  
• You can download IE 6.0 from Microsoft's Website.
  Internet Explorer 6.0 has special color coding
  the make XML documents easier to read.
• Firefox XML Viewer Firefox has some of the same
  features as Internet Explorer. You can download
  Mozilla's Firefox from Mozilla.com.
• Free XML Editors
• There are many free XML editors available for
  download on the internet. Here are a few we have
  found useful
• XML Cooktop
• XML Mind Standard Edition
• Pete's XML Editor

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XML Syntax

• XML Code
• lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"ISO-8859-15"?gt
• ltclass_listgt
• ltstudentgt
• ltnamegtRobertlt/namegt
• ltgradegtAlt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt
• ltstudentgt
• ltnamegtLenardlt/namegt
• ltgradegtA-lt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt
• lt/class_listgt

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XML code.

• lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"ISO-8859-15"?gt
• This line with special symbols and attributes is
  what is referred to as the XML declaration. It
  simply states what version of XML you are using
  and the type of encoding you are using
• XML Tag
• The XML tag is very similar to that of the HTML
  tag. Each element is marked with an opening tag
  and a closing tag.
• ltnamegtRobertlt/namegt
• ltgradegtAlt/gradegt

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XML Elements

• They contain the opening and closing tags, child
  elements, and data.
• ltstudentgt
• ltnamegtRobertlt/namegt
• ltgradegtAlt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt
• XML Attribute
• An attribute appears within the opening tag of
  an element.
• ltstudent active"true"gt
• ltnamegtRobertlt/namegt
• ltgradegtAlt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt

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XML Attribute Quotation Usage

• The types of quotes that you use around your
  attribute values is entirely up to you. Both the
  single quote (') and the double quote (") are
  perfectly fine to use in your XML documents.
• ltstudent nicknameRob "The Dog''gt
• ltnamegtRobertlt/namegt
• ltgradegtAlt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt
• ltstudent group"Pete's Pandas"gt
• ltnamegtRobertlt/namegt
• ltgradegtAlt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt

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XML Comment Syntax

• lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"ISO-8859-15"?gt
• lt!-- Students grades are updated bi-monthly --gt
• ltclass_listgt
• ltstudentgt
• ltnamegtRobertlt/namegt
• ltgradegtAlt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt
• ltstudentgt
• ltnamegtLenardlt/namegt
• ltgradegtA-lt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt
• lt/class_listgt

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• XML Commenting out XML
• To temporarily remove some XML code from your XML
  document.
• lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"ISO-8859-15"?gt
• ltclass_listgt
• ltstudentgt
• ltnamegtRobertlt/namegt
• ltgradegtAlt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt
• lt!--
• ltstudentgt
• ltnamegtLenardlt/namegt
• ltgradegtA-lt/gradegt
• lt/studentgt
• --gt
• lt/class_listgt

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XML Prolog

• The prolog is an optional component of the XML
  document. If included, the prolog must be appear
  before the root element. A prolog consists of two
  parts the XML declaration and the Document Type
  Declaration (DTD). Depending on your needs, you
  can choose to include both, either, or neither of
  these items in your XML document.
• lt!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
  Transitional//EN"
• "http//www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitio
  nal.dtd"gt

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• !DOCTYPE - Tell the XML processor that
  this piece of code defines the Document Type
  Definition
• html - Specifies the root element of the
  XML document. Here our example is an HTML file,
  which has lthtmlgt as the root element.
• PUBLIC - Specifies that this a publicly
  available DTD.
• "-//W3C//D..." - The definition of the
  public document. Describing this is beyond the
  scope of this tutorial.
• "http//www.w3.org/..." - The physical
  location of the DTD. Notice how this DTD resides
  on w3's servers.

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XML Nesting

• When an element appears within another element,
  it is said that the inner element is "nested".
  The term nested can be related directly to the
  word "nest". If an element is nested within
  another element, then it is surrounded,
  protected, or encapsulated by the outer element
• Example A
• ltphonebookgt
• ltnumbergt
• ltnamegt
• lt/numbergt
• lt/namegt
• lt/phonebookgt

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Example B
ltphonebookgt ltnumbergt ltnamegt
lt/namegt lt/numbergt lt/phonebookgt All elements
are closed in the order that they were opened.
Those elements which were opened first are closed
last. Example B is what example A must look like
to be a well-formed XML document.
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• XML was designed to be a very robust markup
  language that could be used in many different
  applications. However, with XML being able to
  communicate between so many different platforms,
  there is one problem that tends to occur.
• lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"ISO-8859-15"?gt
• lthtmlgt
• ltbodygt
• ltpgtWelcome to my Health Resourcelt/pgt
• lt/bodygt
• ltbodygt
• ltheightgt6ftlt/heightgt
• ltweightgt155 lbslt/weightgt
• lt/bodygt
• Two very different elements that want to use the
  same name body. The solution to this problem is
  to create XML Namespaces,

XML Namespaces
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• XML Documents Valid Versus Well-Formed
• In XML, there are three ways to measure a
  document's validity valid, well-formed, and
  broken.
• One Root Element - The XML document may
  only have one root element. See our Root Element
  Lesson for more information.
• Proper Nesting - XML elements must be
  closed in the order they are opened. See our
  Nesting Lesson for more information.
• Well-Formed Entities - Any entities that
  are referenced in the document must also be
  well-formed. See our Entity Lesson for more
  information.

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Broken XML Code

• ltemailgt
• lttogtMr. Garcia
• ltbodygtHello there! How are we today?lt/togt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/emailgt
• Well-Formed XML Code
• ltemailgt
• lttogtMr. Garcialt/togt
• ltbodygtHello there! How are we today?lt/bodygt
• lt/emailgt
• The error in the first example wasThe document
  suffers from improper nesting. The body element
  was opened inside the to element, yet body was
  not closed before the to element was closed!

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XML Tree The great benefit about XML is that the
document itself describes the structure of data.
inventory is the root element.
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XML - The Tree Structure
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Structure of an XML Document
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Tree Structure
ltrootgt ltchildgt ltsubchildgt.....lt/subchildgt
lt/childgt lt/rootgt
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Entity References
If you place a character like "lt" inside an XML
element, it will generate an error because the
parser interprets it as the start of a new
element. ltmessagegtif salary lt 1000
thenlt/messagegt ltmessagegtif salary lt 1000
thenlt/messagegt There are 5 predefined entity
references in XML lt lt less than gt gt
greater than amp ampersand apos '
apostrophe quot " quotation mark
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XML(Table)
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XPath - Finding Information
XPath is the solution to finding information in
an XML document. XPath uses expressions to find
elements, attributes, and other information in
your XML. If you have an XML document that
contained a bunch of your favorite books, each
with author children elements, you can use a one
line XPath expression to find all the authors of
your favorite books! The most common place people
might see XPath expressions are in XSLT
(Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation).
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Structure of an XML Document
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Structure of an XML Document
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Structure of an XML Document
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Structure of an XML Document
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Structure of an XML Document
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Structure of an XML Document
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Structure of an XML Document
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• XML is Used to Create New Internet Languages
• A lot of new Internet languages are created with
  XML.
• Here are some examples
• XHTML the latest version of HTML
• WSDL for describing available web services
• WAP and WML as markup languages for
  handheld devices
• RSS languages for news feeds
• RDF and OWL for describing resources and
  ontology
• SMIL for describing multimedia for the web

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SMIL 2.0 XML for Web Multimedia

• SMIL stands for Synchronized Multimedia
  Integration Language
• SMIL is pronounced "smile"
• SMIL is a language for describing audiovisual
  presentations
• SMIL is easy to learn and understand
• SMIL is an HTML-like language
• SMIL is written in XML
• SMIL presentations can be written using a
  text-editor
• SMIL is a W3C standard

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• Although plug-ins and media players have the
  ability to show many different types of media
  with varying support for interaction, only SMIL
  offers the ability to define the presentation in
  the form of text as a script. This feature could
  be called media composition.
• Also, SMIL offers accessibility options and
  powerful features not present in other media
  players.

What Can SMIL Do?
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Implementing SMIL

• Common SMIL implementations
• Internet or Intranet presentations.
• Slide show presentations.
• Presentations which link to other SMIL
  files.
• Presentations which have Control buttons
  (stop, start, next, ...)
• Defining sequences and duration of
  multimedia elements.
• Defining position and visibility of
  multimedia elements.
• Displaying multiple media types such as
  audio, video, text
• Displaying multiple files at the same time.
• Displaying files from multiple web servers.
• Currently, SMIL's most widespread usage is with
  MMS. MMS (Multimedia Messaging System) is a
  mobile device technology

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• Guidelines and Rules
• SMIL documents look a lot like HTML. SMIL files
  need to be written according to the following
  rules
• SMIL documents must follow the XML rules of
  well-formedness.
• SMIL tags are case sensitive.
• All SMIL tags are written with lowercase
  letters.
• SMIL documents must start with a ltsmilgt tag
  and end with a lt/smilgt closing tag.
• SMIL documents must contain a ltbodygt tag
  for storing the contents of the presentation.
• SMIL documents can have a ltheadgt element
  (like HTML) for storing metadata information
  about the document itself, as well as
  presentation layout information.

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• ltsmilgt
• ltheadgt
• ltlayoutgt
• ...
• lt/layoutgt
• lt/headgt
• ltbodygt
• ...
• lt/bodygt
• lt/smilgt

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Image to our presentation

• ltsmilgt
• ltheadgt
• ltlayoutgt
• ltroot-layout width"300" height"300"
• background-color"white"/gt
• ltregion id"cows" top"0" left"0"
• width"300" height"197"/gt
• lt/layoutgt
• lt/headgt
• ltbodygt
• ltimg src"cows.jpg" region"cows"/gt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/smilgt

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• Copy and paste this URL, "http//html.tucows.com/d
  esigner/basictut/example1.smil" into your SMIL
  parser, i.e., RealPlayer, QuickTime, for an
  example of the SMIL presentation created

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Multiple Regions
   We placed the new region, "text", 200 pixels
from the top and 50 pixels from the left so that
it's centered in our presentation.
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• Below is a table with the possible values we can
  give to the fit attribute.

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• We want to make the tucows.gif image fit
  perfectly within the region, so we would add
  fit"fill" to the text region. Below is an
  example.

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Time Control

• You can also control how long you want a certain
  piece of media to be display for by using the
  "dur" attribute. This attribute takes a numerical
  value in seconds with the letter "s" after the
  number. For example, lets say we want the cows to
  be displayed for 10 seconds and the rest of the
  images for only 5. We would add "dur"10s"" to
  the cow's img tag and "dur"5s"" to the rest of
  the img tags. Below is what our code would look
  like.

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• This should display the TUCOWS text image,
  then the HTML text image during a span of 10
  seconds.

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SMIL for phones

• MMS uses SMIL to define the layout of multimedia
  content.
• SMIL was adopted because it was a well-defined,
  standard language to describe the layout and
  timing of the content inside MMS messages.