Ports, Harbors, and the Urban Coast

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Ports, Harbors, and the Urban Coast
An Introduction to the Marine Transportation
System
Jim Kruse, Texas Sea Grant Jim Fawcett, USC Sea
Grant
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A Crash Course in Marine Transportation

• History of Sea Grant involvement in Marine
  Transportation and Seaports
• A primer on marine transportation
• Who are the Sea Grant Specialists
• What we do
• How we can help you

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Sea Grant Extension and Port Management

• Previously, group of marine transportation and
  seaport specialists from 1980 to about 1995
• Represented all four coastlines
• Informal group
• Group gradually disbanded as specialists retired,
  became administrators, or left Sea Grant
• Theme is now being restored with the support of
  the NSGO and the National Review Panel

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Marine Transportation Terms

• MTS Marine Transportation System
• TEU Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (used in
  measuring the volume of container traffic)
• Container A steel intermodal cargo container of
  standard size
• Bulk cargo Cargo not carried in containers
• Terminal A facility designed to accommodate one
  or more ships alongside a wharf where cargo of a
  specific type can be loaded and unloaded with
  specialized equipment

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Marine Transportation Terms-II

• Load Center Large regional seaport, a hub
• Feeder Port Subsidiary seaport, often sends
  cargo to load center ports
• Niche Port Port specializing in one or a few
  types of cargoes
• Non-maritime Port Cargo handled only by barges,
  not seagoing cargo ships

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Why is the Marine Transportation System Such a
Big Deal?
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Trade through US Customs Districts
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The US Marine Transportation System

• More than 1,000 harbor channels
• 25,000 miles of inland, intracoastal and coastal
  waterways
• More than 300 ports

• 3,700 terminals that handle cargo or
  passengers

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Inland Support Infrastructure to the MTS

• 152,000 miles of rail

• 460,000 miles of pipeline

• 45,000 miles of interstate highways

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Major Functions of the MTS

• Cargo Movement
• Passenger Movement
• Marine Recreation
• Fishing Processing
• Ports for Navy and Coast Guard
• System Maintenance (ship construction yards, ship
  repair yards)

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Tell me again Whats a TEU?

• Twenty-foot equivalent unit
• Standard container is 40 ft
• Container traffic statistics are in TEUs
• box container

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Measuring Cargo Volume

• For containerized cargo TEUs (number of 20-foot
  cargo container equivalents)
• For bulk cargoes (oil, grain, minerals) tonnage
• When comparing port statistics of cargo volume,
  be aware of the difference between the two types
  of measurements

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Terms Tonnage

• Can be metric (2,205 lbs) or short (2,000 lbs)
  tons
• Typical measurement for bulk and break bulk
  cargoes

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World Container Ports by Volume, 2001
Includes domestic, international and empty
repositioning containers Source JoC Week, Vol.
3, Issue 32, August, 2002
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Top 10 U.S. Container Ports, 2001
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U.S. Foreign Trade via Ocean Container Transport
20 Largest US Exporters (2002)
Source JoC Week, Vol. 4, Issue 17, April 28, 2003
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U.S. Foreign Trade via Ocean Container Transport
20 Largest US Importers (2002)
Source JoC Week, Vol. 4, Issue 17, April 28, 2003
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U.S. Ports Ranked by Total Tons 2001
Source U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Navigation
Data Center, www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc
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Managing the Vessel
Harbor Pilots
Tug Assist
Dockage, Channel Fees
Turning Basins
Demurrage
Docking Maneuvers
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4,400 TEU containership
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Container Ship
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Tramp Vessel
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Box Barge 200' x 35' Outer188' x 28' x 14'
Inner80,000 cubic ft of cargo space
Tank Barge 10,000 Barrels195'
Rake Barge 195' x 35' Outer158' x 28' x 14'
Inner60,000 Cubic ft of cargo space
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Managing the Cargo

• Linehandlers
• Stevedores
• Warehousemen
• Security
• Clerks
• Truckers
• Etc.

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Bulk Cargo Terminals-I

• Cargoes are not palletized, containerized or
  unitized in any way (grain, oil, minerals,
  aggregates)
• Typically they require loaders/unloaders
• They require large storage areas or containment
  areas (transit sheds, elevators, covered storage,
  pipelines and tank farms)

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Bulk Cargo Terminals--II

• Transportation cost is a high of total cost of
  goods
• Goods themselves are often raw materials
• Wharfage charged on a tonnage basis

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Break-Bulk Cargo

• Palletized, crated, or boxed cargo
• Cargo that will not fit in a cargo container,
  usually
• Sometimes this cargo is carried break-bulk
  because the port cannot handle containers

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Neo-Bulk Cargoes

• Structural steel
• Large machinery (earthmovers, industrial
  equipment, yachts)

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Containerized Cargo-I

• The majority of non-bulk of cargo handled
  worldwide
• Requires specialized cranes and yard equipment
• Require marshalling yards of 40 acres per ship
  berth for container storage/positioning
• Special areas in the port required for inspection

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ICTF Intermodal Container Transfer Facility
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ICTF
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Containerized Cargo--II

• Requires large gate complexes to manage
  trailer-borne containers into and out of the
  marine terminal
• Often new terminals also have dockside rail
  connections within the terminal
• An area of the port that can be very congested
• Security is always an issue
• Port charges tariffs on a per container basis

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General Cargo

• Project cargoes that may include trailers,
  pre-fab buildings, earthmoving equipment,
  drilling rigs
• Roll-on/Roll-off vessels (vehicles are driven on
  and off the vessel--imported/exported cars and
  trucks) Like your new Maserati

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A Port is a Port is a Port.

• Port Authority
• vs
• Corps of Engineers Reporting
• vs
• Coast Guard Port Areas

• Lets talk Port Authorities.

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Port Authorities-I

• Manage the landside facilities for ships
• Usually municipally owned and operated or state
  owned and operated
• Sometimes owned in bi-state agreements (e.g. the
  Port Authority of New York and New Jersey)

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Port Authorities-II

• Act as property and facility managers
• Governed by commissions or trustees (appointed or
  elected)
• Typically seen as critically important to
  regional economic development
• Responsible for port development activities
• Act as the local government representative in
  negotiations over dredging, air quality, water
  quality as affected by the marine transportation
  system

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Port Authorities-III

• Landlord seaports--lease port land on which
  facilities are built and operated by the terminal
  operator or carrier
• Operating seaports--public ports that manage
  the day-to-day activities on its terminals by
  scheduling vessel calls, arranging for
  stevedoring services, employing longshore labor
  and other functions

Here it is, come use it
Ill do it myself, thank you!
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Port Relations with Federal Agencies

• US Customs Service
• National Marine Fisheries Service
• US Environmental Protection Agency
• US Fish and Wildlife Service
• National Ocean Service

• US Coast Guard
• Immigration and Naturalization Service
• Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
  (APHIS)
• US Army Corps of Engineers

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Port Relations with State and Local Agencies

• Coastal management agencies
• Water quality agencies
• Oil spill prevention and response agencies
• State fish and game departments
• State highway planning and management agencies

• Regional transportation management agencies
• State and regional air quality management
  agencies
• Councils of government
• City and county planning agencies

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Seaport and Marine Transportation Trends
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Cargo Volume is Growing

• Increased competition between ports
• Competition between diverse uses in ports
• Competition between carriers
• Increasing ship size will result in more cargo
  being discharged at one time with consequences
  for the port and its connected transportation
  network

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Ship Characteristics

• Ships are increasing in size
• Many new ships in the Pacific are too large for
  the Panama Canal
• The average sized container ship over the past
  five years has been about 5,000-6,000 TEUs
• New ships to be delivered this year for Pacific
  trade will be 9,800 TEUs
• Ship designs in the pipeline may be as large as
  12,000 TEUs

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Growth in Capacity/Size of Containerships
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Port Land Use Issues

• Non-port land uses are encroaching on some of the
  largest seaports
• Some ports have little room to expand operations
  inland
• Lack of expansion room often means that carriers
  will move to another competing seaport
• Rail/road traffic is a major issue for ports
  handling containerized cargo

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Seaport Environmental Issues

• Air emissions from ships and trucks
• Soil contamination from port industrial tenants
• Potential for oil/chemical spills
• Habitat destruction from port operations and
  construction

• Traffic congestion
• Noxious odors from port operations
• Aesthetic complaints about the appearance of port
  operations
• Invasive species (ballast water concerns)
• Noise pollution

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Dredging and Disposal

• Every port must deal with this issue
• Complex issue--many regulatory players
• Army Corps of Engineers is often the major player
  because they plan, manage and fund the dredging
  operation
• Interagency coordination issues make dredging a
  difficult management problem
• Dredging is often easier than disposal

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Public Involvement

• Often the public is not well informed
  about the importance of the marine transportation
  system (MTS)
• Public ignorance of the issues creates a climate
  fostering bad public policy decisions about
  seaports
• There are many potential points of intervention
  for public involvement in marine transportation
  and seaport issues

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Infrastructure Issues

• In large ports rail and road
  systems are becoming congested
• At large ports the rail and road systems need to
  be expanded to meet increasing cargo demand
• Many players in the planning process
• Ample opportunities for public involvement
• Impacts of congestion often reach
  hundreds of miles away from the seaports

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Capital Improvement Funding

• Ports use a combination of
• Taxes
• Bonds
• Operating funds

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Marine Transportation and Seaport
Specialists--What We Do--I

• Concentrate on the MTS issues
• Stay current on MTS issues
• Maintain relationships with agencies and
  organizations that deal with MTS issues
• American Association of Port Authorities
• NOAA-National Ocean Service
• National marine transportation organizations
• Federal and state regulatory agencies

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Marine Transportation and Seaport
Specialists--What We Do--II

• Lecture on MTS issues
• Promote campus-based research on these issues
• Keep our arms around the issues and try to
  distill the basic themes for the public and
  academic audiences (including marine extension
  staff)

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What We Can Do for You--I

• Explain MTS issues in person or by phone for you
  and marine extension staff
• Help you to design strategies for enhancing
  public understanding and participation in MTS
  issues
• Help you and your clients to participate in
  planning processes of the various agencies
  involved
• Help you develop teaching/public education
  materials on marine transportation

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What We Can Do for You--II

• We can help you design meetings to bring diverse
  parties to forums that have a wider focus than
  public agency meetings
• We can help you identify curriculum materials or
  background materials on MTS
• We can provide contacts with other federal and
  state agencies on MTS issues
• We can advise you when you need more
  information about the seaport/marine
  transportation process

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What You Can Do

• Help your extension staff to be better informed
  about MTS issues
• Contact us if you see an emerging MTS issue in
  your area
• Contact us if you need help or want a reality
  check on an MTS issue

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Contact Information

• Jim Kruse
• Sea Grant National Ports and Harbors Specialist
• Texas Sea Grant/Texas Transportation Institute
• 701 North Post Oak, Suite 430
• Houston, TX 77024
• 713-686-2971
• J-kruse_at_ttimail.tamu.edu

• James A. Fawcett, Ph.D.
• Marine Transportation/
• Seaport Specialist
• Sea Grant Program, MC-0373
• University of Southern California
• Los Angeles, CA 90089-0373
• 213-740-4477
• fawcett_at_usc.edu

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Anything Else Youd Like to Know?