A Presentation on

1

• A Presentation on
• Reengineering of Public Administration in Nepal
• Through E-Governance
• By
• Amrita Khakurel
• Kathmandu, Nepal

2

• State of Public Administration
• Nepalese Bureaucracy
• Monolithic,centrally controlled administrative
  structure
• Rampant red tape , cumbersome procedures
• Process-laden, agency-centric approach
• Lack of accountability and transparency
• Overt centralization
• Politicization of bureaucracy

3

• Repertoire of Malign Acts in Nepal
• Bureaucracy
• Extortion of speed money by lower level civil
  servants
• Extortion of service charges by revenue officials
  and other service providers
• Collusion with taxpayers for personal gains at
  public cost
• Extortion/Acceptance of commissions in domestic
  procurement
• Extortion/Acceptance of commissions/bribes in the
  sale of public property
• Favoritism/nepotism in appointments, promotion
  and transfer
• Abuse of authority for personal advancement
• Politics and Politicians
• Forcing civil servants to undertake
  illegal/unethical tasks
• Taking decisions or othgiving opinion in files
  that are conducive to their interests
• Hiring political supporters in positions
• Buying goods and services from collaborators
• Politicizing civil service in party interest
• Protection to corrupt civil servants

4

• E-Governance
• E-governance is the governance process which
  makes the use of ICT to achieve speedy,
  efficient, effective, transparent and accountable
  government administration activities in order to
  better serve the public and other stakeholders.
• The main mission of e-governance is good
  governance by bringing national, regional and
  local administrations closer to the common people
  and providing efficient and effective services
  (UNESCO 2003).

SMART Govt. Services Simple and
Seamless Manageable and Measurable Accountable
and Accessible Responsible and Responsive Trusted
and Transparent
E-Governance -Legal Framework -ICT Policies
-Standards
Policy and institutional reform
Transparency
Connectivity And Data processing infrastructure
Leadership
Service
Institutional infrastructure
HRD
Efficiency
Client oriented service applications
Technology
Economy
Financing
Back end Govt. applications
5

• E-Gov Conceptual Framework

Information sharing system
e-gov portal
Internet
Agency 1
call center
Agency 2
mobile
Common database
fax,mail, phone
civil service center
Businesses/Citizens
Agency 3

In-Person
agency website
Agency N
vision
Vision
common infrastructure
accountability
governance
standards
organization
policies
6

• E-Government Models

7

• E-gov for Administrative reform

8

• Towards Reengineering
• E-governance in Nepal-Milestones
• 2002-2004
• NITC develops multilingual national government
  portal (www.nepalgov.gov.np) - 32 downloadable
  forms and searchable information of 10,000
  government offices.
• NITC staffs conduct massive study research on
  egovernment.
• NITC assigns first preliminary study of
  e-government master plan to the IT Professionals
  Forum ,ITPF.
• 2005
• NITC requests KOICA for e-government advisor to
  assist on development of e-government master
  plan.
• NITC communicates with Asian Development Bank for
  possibility of technical assistance.
• Mr. Zhan, from Asian Development Bank for
  consultation mission for Proposed TA, together
  with NITC staff develop draft Aide Memoir.
• Korea IT Industry Promotion Agency (KIPA) invites
  MOEST secretary and Executive Director of NITC to
  Korea.
• HLCIT signs MOU with KIPA.

9

• Towards Reengineering
• E-governance in Nepal-Milestones
• 2006
• Dr. Chang-hak Choi( Director General,e- Gov.
  Bureau, Presidential Committee on Government
  Innovation Decentralization) arrives with KIPA
  team to initiate e-government master plan
  consulting report (eGMP).
• eGMP is completed.
• ABDs PPTA starts officially.
• KOICA sent first feasibility study team for
  Government Integrated Data and Training Center
  (GIDTC)
• 2007
• UNeGov.net Network, Building Workshop on
  Electronic Governance jointly organized by NITC
  and UNU
• KOICA President Visits NITC and agrees to provide
  grant for Government Integrated Data and Training
  Center (GIDTC)
• National Stakeholder Workshop on Modernization of
  Nepal through Development of ICT and eGovernance
• High Level Seminar on E-Governance for secretary
  level of Nepal Government jointly organize by
  NITC , ADBI UN-APCICT

10

• Towards Reengineering
• Initiatives in public sector
• Computerization and web-site development of
  departments and ministries
• Computers in offices- Mostly, not utilized
  effectively for enhancing productivity
• Many websites-stationary information, not
  up-to-date, not operating
• E-procurement site ( bolpatra.gov.np)
• Government portal (nepalgov.gov.np)
• Laudable cases in rural areas
• Nepal A district puts old records to new digital
  uses Old records used to lie in dusty corners in
  Kanchanpur, a district in far-west Nepal. Now
  they have become part of the digital revolution.
  Kanchanpur is one of the areas in this
  mountainous country most dedicated to using
  information technology to modernize public
  administration and promote local development.
•  http//www.undp.org/dpa/front
  pagearchive/2001/october/16oct01/index.html 
• Nepal (Municipalservices online)Before the
  Internet option, everyone in Bharatpur had to go
  to the municipal offices to register births,
  marriages, deaths, housing construction and file
  other documents. Now they can submit forms
  electronically and also send in suggestions and
  queries to municipal authorities via e-mail. The
  municipality has trained the 14 secretaries to
  operate the system in the town's wards, and the
  18 cyber cafes are available as service centres,
  working in coordination with the municipality a
  mutually beneficial arrangement.
•  http//www.bharatpurmun.
  org.np/eng_introduction.htm 

11

• Towards Reengineering
• Initiatives in public sector
• Use of functional area specific application
  software
• Department of Health (HMIS)
• Financial Comptroller General Office
• Election Commission
• Customs offices
• Inland Revenue department
• Department of Land Information and Archives
• Airport Immigration office
• E-approval application at MOGA
• General Post Office
• Company Registration
• Nepal Police

12

• Towards Reengineering
• Ambitious eGMP

Product of NITC,MoEST,MoIC,MoGA,MoF and KIPA to
realize Good Governance and Socio-Economic
Development by establishing an effective,systemati
c, and productive e-Government.
13

• Towards Reengineering
• Government to Government dimension of
  reengineering
• Government to Citizen dimension of reengineering
• Government to Business dimension of reengineering
• Domains of E-governance involved
• E-Administration (Improved Processes)
• E-Citizens and E-services (Connected citizens)
• E-society (External Interactions)

14

• Towards reengineering

15

• Towards Reengineering
• E-government architecture that can be utilized
  for E-governance in Nepal
• Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) for
  integrating applications and business processes
• Utilization of Core internet open standards
• TCP/IP
• HTTP
• HTML
• XML
• SOAP
• Web Services
• Benefits of SOA
• Vendor neutrality
• Interoperability
• Flexibility
• Cost
• Extensibility

16
E-Government Architecture (Contd.)

• Towards Reengineering

17
E-Government Architecture (Contd.)

Application
Application

Personalization

E-Gov services layer
Business layer
Domains Service layer Schema layer Data element
layer
Common Web services SOA
OS Databases Common protocols

Service oriented layer
System software
Computing Storage Access devices
Common computing hardware
Communication layer
18
Gateway Implementation plans
Seamless Exchange of data with any no of Depts.
front ends Simplify the view of the external
world to the departments De-link the backend
depts. from the front end (multiple delivery
channels possible) Complete audit logs time
stamping of transactions (single pt access to all
logs by govt.) Facilitate Departmental work flow
evolve gradually Web enabling of Legacy
applications Integrated Service Delivery Value
added service (Authentication payment gateway
interface)
Internet
Front end
CSCs
Nepal Portal Other Portals
Gateway
Data center
Other Govt. departments
Municipalities
Transport
19
Constellation of Gateways
Nepal Portal
National Services Directory (NSD)

• E-Procurement services
• Payment Gateway service
• Unique ID Service
• Single sign on service
• CA services for Digital Signatures
• National Services Directory

Data Center
Internet
CSCs
Front end
NSDGateway
Portals
SDC
Messaging services Audit time
stamping Authentication identifications using
Unique ID Other shared services
Gateway1
SDC
gateway2
Other Govt. departments
Transport
Municipalities
20

• Towards Reengineering
• GAP principles for Governance
• Many organizations and governments continue to
  implement GAP approaches which leading companies
  evolved away from in the late 1990s.
• Governments adoption of the GAP Principles
  would enable increased efficiency, enhanced
  service delivery and accelerated software sector
  driven economic growth.
• Governance
• Organizations need to be intimately linked
  through managed engagement processes.The Chief
  Information Officer (CIO) requires real authority
  to mandate architecture standards across
  organizational boundaries.
• Architecture
• Good Architecture demands abstraction Good
  architecture based on XML and underlying open
  internet standards abstract underlying
  complexities, maximize flexibility and improve
  speed of delivery of new services.
• Procurement
• A long term strategic model is required for core
  architecture procurement.Service orientation in
  architecture enables flexibility Shorter term
  tactical models can be used to procure from
  smaller, local or specialized suppliers.Service
  Level Agreements alone do not guarantee success
  Good governance and architecture are required to
  enable flexible outsourcing.

21

• 
  
  Challenges
• Status of e-governance systems
• Independently developed (as stand-alone)
  ,Fragmented , Duplicated
• Need for well defined procedures and standards
• Concerns for interoperability
• Application Integration
• Information Access and Interchange
• Security
• Interconnection
• Vendor lock-in via proprietary/open source system
• Tightly coupled and monolithic
• Rigid systems
• Program/Technology driven
• Lack of PKI infrastructure
• Lack of Rules/Regulations regarding online
  payment
• Infrastructural bottlenecks (regarding rural
  connectivity)
• Data security issues (authentication, privacy,
  integrity, non-repudiation)
• Sustainability challenges (generating revenues
  around eGov applications)
• Policy and Capacity gaps

22

• Challenges

23
E-Government readiness index Based on Web
measure , Telecommunication Infrastructure and
Human Capital
24

• Challenges
• Challenge lies on minimizing weaknesses/
  capitalizing on strengths/exploiting
  opportunities / combating threats ( Use SWOT
  Analysis)

Strengths
Opportunities
Weaknesses
Threats
Strengths
Opportunities
25

• Challenges
• Capacity requirements for E-gov project

26

• Challenges
• Security Issues in E-governance model

27

• Security Issues in E-governance model

28

• The way ahead-A future Roadmap
• Develop demand side e-readiness
• Increase public awareness (at village level too)
• Increase literacy
• Formulate and execute plans to bridge digital
  divide
• Encourage and support e-transaction activities
• Develop supply side e-readiness
• Effective interagency connections and e-services
• Reengineer Government processes and practices
• Transform paperwork into digital form
• Connect cross-agency service flow seamlessly
• Provide ubiquitous services to citizens and
  businesses through a single window
• Government-wide integrated Information resources
  management
• Establish common standards and interoperable
  architecture
• Cross-agency coordination in terms of budget,
  technical and administrative support
• Utilization of public private partnership (PPP)

29

• The way ahead-A future Roadmap
• Develop supply side e-readiness (Contd.)
• Reengineer Government processes and practices
  (contd.)
• Legal, institutional and regulatory support
• Establish and communicate common vision/action
  plan
• Performance management plans and performance
  measurement at all levels
• self sustaining telecentres (community internet
  access centers) for citizens in rural areas to
  access re-engineered government services

30

• The way ahead-A future Roadmap
• Efficient systems
• Policies that require open standards
• Platform-Independent Modeling
• Loosely coupled open systems
• Collaborative and interoperable
• Flexible
• Data and business driven
• Service Oriented Architecture

31

• The way ahead-A future Roadmap
• Road to successful E-Gov (OECD)

32

• The way ahead-A future Roadmap
• Road to successful E-Gov
• 1 .Understanding Governance
  10.
  Sustainable Business Model
• 2. Definition of Vision Strategic Objectives
  11.Service Delivery
  Paradigm
• 3. Formulation of e-Governance Roadmap
  12.Collaboration for
  e-governance
• 4. Leadership for e-Governance
  13.E-content
• 5. Institutional Framework for e-Governance
  14.Building National
  Info. Infrastructure
• 6. Government Process Re-engineering
  15.E-governance
  Technology Architecture
• 7. Legal Reforms
  
  16.Privacy and security
• 8. Human Capacity Building
  17.Civic
  Engagement
• 9. Cost Benefit Analysis
  
  18.Universal Accessibility
• 
  
  19.Awareness and Communication
• 
  
  20.E-governance project Management
• 
  
  21.E-governance application development
• 
  
  22.Change Mgmt. in government

Always ensure the following steps!!!
33

• The way ahead-A future Roadmap
• My take
• 35 of e-government projects are total failures
• Some 50 are partial failures
• Only 15 are success stories
• -(Punia Saxena,2004)
• Reason Unsuitable models followed.
• E-governance if practiced , by establishing a
  suitable e-government model and plans, can create
  citizen-centric good governance encouraging
  efficiency, accountability, open communication,
  social inclusion and public participation ,thus,
  reforming public sector.

34

• Thank You!!
• Questions?? Suggestions??

35

• References
• E-governance for Good Governance in Nepal, Rajesh
  Shakya and Dr. Shailendra Sigdel , Spotlight
• Women friendly e-GovernancePresent reality in
  Nepal , Shikha Shrestha , 2005
• Taking governance to next new level , Rabindra
  Pokhrel, April 15,2007
• E-government An approach towards poverty
  reduction , Munima Jahan
• Case studies , Digitalgovernance.org
• Taking governance to next new level , Rabindra
  Pokhrel, April 15,2007
• The electronic bureaucrat, The economist ,16
  February, 2008
• The electronic Transaction Act 2063 B.S., Nepal
• The transformative Potential of E-governance in
  Transitional Democracies, Jeffrey W. Seifert and
  G. Matthew Bonham
• Promoting E-Governance in Nepal. 2002. Asia
  Pacific Network Information Center.
  http//www.panasia.org.sg/nepalnet/technology/ict/
  egov.htm
• E-Governance. 2003. Report prepared by National
  Information Technology Center. Ministry of
  Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Empowerment and Governance through Information
  and Communication Technologies women's
  perspectives, Vikas Nath, London School of
  Economics, 2000-1 www.cddc.vt.edu
• Corruption,Governance and International
  Cooperation,Devendra Raj Panday
• India/Bangaladesh/Australia E-government
  framework,Designing and Inplementing E-government
  Strategy,Deepak Bhatia
• The challenge of Integration-Taking an
  enterprise-wide Approach, Greg Georgeff
• Development of E-governance in Nepal, Dr. Subarna
  Shakya
• Role of Private sector in HRD for
  e-governance,Rajan Raj Pant
• E-government,Jay Sabido, ICT Consultant for
  UNESCAP