The Peopling of the World, Prehistory2500 B'C'

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The Peopling of the World, Prehistory2500 B.C.
Chapter Overview
Time Line
Human Origins in Africa
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SECTION
Humans Try to Control Nature
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SECTION
GRAPH
Patterns of Change Civilization
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SECTION
MAP
Visual Summary
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The Peopling of the World, Prehistory2500 B.C.
Human beings first emerge in East Africa. As they
evolve, they develop complex technology and
spread over most of the world. In some areas,
people develop agriculture and settled villages,
some of which eventually grow into complex cities
and develop the five traits of civilization.
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The Peopling of the World, Prehistory2500 B.C.
Time Line
1,600,000 B.C. Homo erectus appears.
4,000,000 B.C. First hominids appear in Africa.
2600 B.C. City of Ur flourishes in Sumer.
8000 B.C. Neolithic Age begins first agriculture
takes place.
2500 B.C.
4,000,000 B.C.
2,500,000 B.C. Paleolithic Age begins.
40,000 B.C. Cro-Magnons appear.
3000 B.C. Bronze Age begins in Mesopotamia.
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Human Origins in Africa
Key Idea
The first hominids emerge in East Africa about
3.6 million years ago. They gradually develop
large brains and learn to make tools and use
fire, which allows them to spread over the earth.
Overview
Assessment
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Human Origins in Africa
Overview
artifact culture hominid Paleolithic
Age Neolithic Age technology Homo sapiens
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans
originated in Africa.
Early humans discoveries helped them survive,
grow in numbers, and spread across the globe.
Assessment
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Human Origins in Africa

• 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
  thoughts. List
• the advances, discoveries, and inventions of
  hominids.

Upright walking, opposable thumb
Toolmaking, mastery of fire, language
Burial rights, care of their disabled, building
of shelters
Advanced hunting and language skills
continued . . .
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Human Origins in Africa
1
Section
Assessment
2. How do recent findings keep revising knowledge
of the prehistoric past? THINK ABOUT
modern scientific methods
the way various species of hominids are
classified
dates relating to hominids
ANSWER

• By providing more accurate dates relating to
  when and where various hominids originated
• By providing scientific evidence supporting how
  hominids are classified into different species

Possible Responses
continued . . .
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Human Origins in Africa
1
Section
Assessment
3. Which of the following skillstoolmaking, the
use of fire, or the development of languagedo
you think gave hominids the most control over
their environment? Why? THINK ABOUT
the kinds of tools early humans developed
the various uses of fire
the benefits of language
ANSWER

• Toolmaking, because it enabled hominids to
  hunt game and build shelters.
• Fire, because it allowed hominids to survive in
  cold climates.
• Language, because it helped hominids coordinate
  hunts and other tasks.

Possible Responses
End of Section 1
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Humans Try to Control Nature
GRAPH
Key Idea
People gradually give up hunting and gathering
and learn to cultivate crops, domesticate
animals, and live in settled villages. Some
villages grow and prosper, developing complex
social and economic systems that set the stage
for the development of civilization.
Overview
Assessment
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Humans Try to Control Nature
GRAPH
Overview
nomad hunter-gatherer Neolithic
Revolution slash-and-burn farming
domestication
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The development of agriculture spurred an
increase in population and the growth of a
settled way of life.
New methods for obtaining food and the
development of technology laid the foundations
for modern civilizations.
Assessment
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Humans Try to Control Nature
GRAPH
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the effects of the development of
agriculture.
Rise in population
Emergence of farming villages
More available food
More cultural developments
New farming tools
More stable communities
continued . . .
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Humans Try to Control Nature
GRAPH
2
Section
Assessment
2. Why do you think the development of
agriculture occurred around the same time in
several different places? THINK ABOUT
the migrations of early peoples
changes in the earths climate
a rise in human population
ANSWER

• Global warming trends resulted in longer
  growing seasons a rich supply of grain helped
  support a population boom.
• A rise in population placed pressure on
  hunter-gatherers, who had migrated throughout the
  world, to find new sources of food.

Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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Civilization
CASE STUDY Ur in Sumer
MAP
Key Idea
Large cities develop well-defined social systems
and powerful institutions. Eventually they
develop the five characteristics of civilization.
One of the first cities to develop civilization
is Ur in Sumer.
Overview
Assessment
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Civilization
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CASE STUDY Ur in Sumer
MAP
Overview
civilization specialization artisan
institution scribe cuneiform Bronze
Age barter ziggurat
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Prospering agricultural villages, food surpluses,
and new technology led to the rise of
civilizations.
Contemporary civilizations share the same
character-istics typical of ancient civilizations.
Assessment
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Civilization
CASE STUDY Ur in Sumer
MAP
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the five characteristics of
civilization and give an example from Ur.
Advanced Cities
Urs population of about 30,000 people
Specialized Workers
Traders, artisans, and scribes
Complex Institutions
Religion under the authority of priests
Record Keeping
Cuneiform tablets
Advanced Technology
Irrigation systems
continued . . .
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Civilization
CASE STUDY Ur in Sumer
MAP
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Section
Assessment
2. In what ways does the ziggurat of Ur reveal
that Sumerians had developed an advanced
civilization? THINK ABOUT
the skills required to build the monument
the various purposes of the ziggurat
its location
ANSWER

• Builders and engineers in Ur had the advanced
  technology to design a complex building.
• Religion played an important role in peoples
  lives.
• Ur was an advanced city.

Possible Responses
End of Section 3