Foundations

1
Foundations -- 3

• India China River Valley Systems
• Classical Civilization China India
• Ch. 2 3

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• Ch. 2 3 Vocab Note Cards
• 1. Zhou dynasty
• 2. Qin dynasty
• 3. Shi Huangdi
• 4. Han dynasty
• 5. Mandarin
• 6. Dynasty
• 7. Mandate of Heaven
• 8. Great Wall
• 9. Legalism
• 10. Patriarchalism
• 11. Confucius, a.k.a. Kung Fuzi
• 12. Daoism
• 13. Silk Road
• 14. Alexander the Great
• 15. Aryans

16. Maurya dynasty 17. Gupta 18. Caste
system 19. Untouchables 20. Hinduism 21.
Upanishads 22. Dharma 23. Buddhism 24. Tamils 25.
Buddha 26. Himalayas 27. Vedas 28. Varnas 29.
Reincarnation 30. Yoga
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• I. Classical China Growth of Dynasties

Chinas river valley civilizations built the
foundations of a long-shared Chinese culture. The
achievements of the Zhou, Qin, Han dynasties
can be felt to this day. The patterns set by
these dynasties lasted until the early 20th
century in China.
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• A. Zhou Dynasty (1029258 B.C.E.)
• 1. Height c. 700 B.C.E.
• 2. Yangzi River valley settled
• a. Emperors encouraged
  people to move into this area
• 3. "Middle Kingdom
• a. Rich area between the Huanghe and Yangtze
  rivers
• 4. Mandate of Heaven idea that a dynasty
  received its right to rule from heaven
• 5. Confucius (551 to 478 B.C.E.)
• a. Believed both rulers and the ruled should
  act with respect, humility, and self-control

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• B. Shi Huangdi
• 1. Qin Dynasty (221207 B.C.E.)
• a. Centralized rule
• 2. Great Wall 3000 miles
• 3. Innovations
• a. census
• b. standardized coinage, weights,
  measures
• c. common writing system

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• C. Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.220 C.E.)
• a. Expanded into Korea, Indochina, central Asia
• --Well outside the borders of previous
  classical dynasties
• b. Contact with India, Parthian Empire
  allowed trade to groweventually even with the
  Roman Empire
• c. Wu Ti (140 87 B.C.E.) Kept the peace
• --Supported Confucianism
  as a religion
• --Promoted it as a statement
  of Chinese values

China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
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• II. Political Institutions
• A. Chinese political traditions of the
  Classical Era
• 1. Patriarchal family as with most farming
  societies
• 2. Ancestor worship helped hold families
  together
• 3. Semi-autonomous villages
• 4. Nobles
• a. Provided local authority under the Zhou
  dynasty
• --courts and local armies
• 5. Regional governors put in place by Shi
  Huangdi
• a. Enforced his rules no local laws
• 6. Bureaucracies
• a. examinations to get a government job

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• III. Religion and Culture
• A. Balance
• 1. Unifying traditions designed to prevent
  conflict
• B. Kung Fuzi (ca. 551478 B.C.E.)
• 1. Respect for superiors
• a. Primarily menfathers and husbands
• 2. Leaders must show moderation dont
  abuse power
• 3. Rank based on intelligence, meritnot
  just social rank

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• C. Legalism
• 1. Alternative to Confucianism
• 2. Support authoritarian state
• a. Leaders would not be kind, humble, etc.
• 3. Belief in evil nature of humankindmust be
  controlled
• D. Daoism
• 1. More religious than Confucianism
• 2. Laozi (5th century B.C.E.) philosopher
• a. Force of nature controls everything
• 3. Ethical code
• a. Politics and learning didnt matterhumility
  and living within your means did

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• IV. Economy and Society
• A. Trade very important during the Han dynasty
• 1. Wheat (northern China) for rice (southern
  China)
• 2. Occasional trips to India
• 3. Trading did not mix with Confucian ideals
• 4. Silk Roads under the Han dynasty
• a. Collection of roads that took goods, mostly
  Chinese silk, to the west.
• b. Nomadic traders usually carried the
  goodsnot Chinese

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• B. Agricultural Innovations
• a. Ox-drawn plow collar
• b. Increased production allowed population
  growth
• C. Patriarchy
• 1. Women were subordinate
• 2. Parents had total control over children
• D. Chinas Social Structure
• 1. Landowners and Bureaucrats
• 2. Peasants and artisans
• 3. Mean People unskilled masses

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• V. How Chinese Civilization Fits Together A.
  Isolation
• 1. China had very little contact with the
  outside even though trade routes existed
• a. They didnt feel it was necessary
• B. Confucianism bureaucracy made sure that
  the people running the government had roughly
  the same beliefs and objectives
• C. Political stability economic growth
• a. These are meshed togetheras the economy
  grew stronger, the more tax revenue produced.
• D. Divisions
• 1. Confucianism v. Daoism

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• VI. Indus River Valley The Birth of South Asian
  Civilization
• A. Indias Geography
• 1. Indus River -- NW edge of Indian
  subcontinent -- in Southern Asia
• 2. Indian subcontinent 3 major geographic
  zones
• a. Far north Himalaya, Hindu Kush mountain
  systems, separating India from rest of
  Asia
• b. South Deccan Plateau, high plateau
  receiving less rain than other parts of
  subcontinent
• c. Between mountains, plateau are
  Northern Plains, where society first
  developed in India

Early civilization arose in the Indus River
Valley, flourished, and then mysteriously died
out. Later Indias Vedic civilization developed a
culture based on old and new beliefs.
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• B. Harappan civilization 3rd millennium B.C.E.
• 1. Indus river system
• 2. Valley plains, snow-fed rivers
• C. The Great Cities of the Harappan
  Civilization
• 1. Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro Indus River
  Valley
• a. Densely populated
• b. Walled
• D. Harappan Culture and Society
• 1. Agriculture
• a. Wheat, rye, peas, cotton, and possibly rice
• 2. Domesticated animals
• 3. Trade with Mesopotamia, China, and Burma

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• E. Slow Demise of Harappan Civilization -- c.
  1150 B.C.E.
• 1. Causes unclear
• 2. We dont know much about them since their
  writing system has never been translated.

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• VII. The Aryans The Vedic Period
• -- Indo-Europeans
• -- Pastoralists
• -- From Black and Caspian areas
• -- 3rd, 2nd millennia B.C.E.
• -- Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran
• -- Indus and Ganges river systems

Sometime after 2000 BC, a new people took control
of India. Historians often refer to this group as
the Aryans, from a Sanskrit word meaning noble.
Eventually the Aryans ruled over most of India,
except for the far south.
The Vedas were sacred writings of the Aryans.
This period (1,500 1,000 BCE) of Indian history
takes its name from them!
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• A. Epic Age (1000600 B.C.E.)
• 1. Epic Poems
• a. Mahabharata Indias greatest epic poem
• b. Ramayana
• c. Upanishads Religious epic poems

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• B. Aryan Society
• 1. Originally warriors, priests, and commoners
• a. Promoted high levels of organization
• b. Develops into caste system
• 2. Four castes (varnas)
• a. Priests (brahmin)
• b. Warriors
• c. Merchants
• d. Peasants, servants
• e. Untouchables
• 3. Patriarchal, patrilinial, patrilocal
• a. Very close family relationships
• C. Aryan Religion
• 1. Polytheistic Male gods dominate
• 2. Buddhism at end of Epic period

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• VIII. Patterns in Classical India
• A. Alexander the Great 327 B.C.E.
• 1. Invaded into Indiaset up Bactria
• B. Chandragupta Maurya
• 1. Unified Indiaset up the
  Mauryan Dynasty
• 2. Was very autocraticrelied on
  military strength

From the end of the Epic Period to the time of
Alexander the Great, India was not united into a
national state.
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• C. Ashoka (269232 B.C.E.)
• 1. Expanded Mauryan control to nearly
  all of India
• a. Used brutal tactics
• 2. Conversion to Buddhism
• a. Still allowed Hinduism
• b. Attempted to spread Buddhism

India at the Time of Ashoka
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• D. Indian Political Transitions
• 1. Kushans collapse by 220 C.E.
• 2. Guptas from 320 C.E.
• a. Major advancements in trade during
  this era
• 3. Huns invade, 535 C.E.

The Gupta Empire
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• IX. Political Institutions
• A. Large Armies were needed to maintain
  control since the government was so regional
• B. Law Codes
• 1. Were national
• C. Caste System organized society greatly
• 1. Became more complex after 600 B.C.E.
• a. Had hundreds of classes
• 2. Very rigidprovided a social order that
  government alone could not accomplish

Under the Gupta empire, most governmental
functions were handled at the local and regional
levels.
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• X. Religion and Culture
• A. Hinduism
• 1. Unifying force barriers of caste or
  politics didnt stop its spread
• 2. Not monolithic no single founder or
  source
• 3. Upanishads
• a. Epic that spoke of a divine spirit
• 4. Reincarnation When you die your soul
  returns to another being. If you lived
  properly, then it would move to a higher
  caste. If not, you moved down.
• 5. DivinitiesGods
• a. Shiva (the destroyer), Vishnu (the
  preserver)

Hinduism and Buddhism were the religions
of Classical India.
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• B. Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama (ca 563483
  B.C.E.)
• 1. Gautama later become Buddha
• a. Buddha eventually was treated as a diety
• 2. Denied many of the Hindu beliefs
• a. Buddhists could reach nirvana with the Hindu
  ritual requirements or moving up the castes
• b. Buddhism spread through monksmonasteries
• C. Indian Literature very adventurous
  sometimes religious, sometimes not
• D. Indian numbering system

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• XI. Economy and Society
• A. Patriarchal Social Order
• 1. Arranged marriages often done for
  economics
• 2. Was still compassionate to women.
• --Womens status usually higher than China
• B. Economy
• 1. Textiles First to make many forms of cloth
• 2. Iron working steel Superior to others
• 3. Long-distance trade with the Middle East,
  East Asia, and the Roman Empire
• a. Helped by the caste system geography

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• XII. Indian Influence
• A. Via trade
• 1. Dominated the Indian Ocean region
• a. Took art, literature, and social networks
• B. Buddhism Hinduism
• 1. Buddhismparticularly into China
• 2. Hinduism appealed to upper classes