Rail Freight Transportation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Rail Freight Transportation

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Auto parts, building materials, food products, bagged products. Automobile Racks (autoracks) ... Advanced signaling, communication, control. Rolling stock ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Rail Freight Transportation


1
Rail Freight Transportation
  • Author Dr. Alan Erera

2
North American Mode Share, 1996
of total ton-miles
air
water
rail
truck
3
U.S. Freight Movements, 1996
4
Railroad Freight Flows
5
U.S. Freight Railroad Economics
  • In 1998 ...
  • Market share 40 of intercity tons
  • Large share markets
  • 70 of finished automobiles
  • 64 of coal (generating 36 of electricity)
  • 40 of grain (domestic and export)

6
U.S. Railroad Economics II
  • Movement statistics
  • Freight volume 1.38 trillion ton-miles
  • Carload volume 26 million carloads
  • 8.8 million intermodal trailers and containers
  • Fleet statistics
  • 1.3 million railcars
  • 127 million ton capacity
  • Costs 26 less (57 IA) than 1981

7
Railroads are capital-intensive
8
Primary Commodities
  • Rail Only
  • Coal 572 MM tons
  • Farm Products 158
  • Non-metallic minerals 131
  • Petroleum 123
  • Chemicals 118
  • Intermodal
  • Transportation equipment 6.9 MM tons
  • Chemicals, food, lumber, pulp paper

9
Georgia Rail Freight
10
Growth in Intermodal
11
Growth in Intermodal
  • 17 of revenues
  • second only to coal 23
  • COFC 62, TOFC 38
  • Why?
  • Labor efficiency
  • Fuel efficiency (50 savings over truck)
  • Door-to-door service
  • Downsides
  • speed, reliability

12
Container land bridge
Long Beach
Elizabeth
  • Asia - Europe market
  • Double-stack N.A. network
  • Why?
  • Hub-and-spoke efficiencies
  • Panama canal costs, queuing delays

13
NAFTA freight flows for UP
14
Freight Railroad Classification
  • Class One
  • Operating revenue gt 250 MM (1991)
  • 91 of total revenue, 71 of track
  • CSX, NS, UP, BNSF, Kansas City Southern
  • Regionals
  • Revenue 40-250 MM, more than 350 miles
  • Wisconsin Central, Bangor Aroostook, Alaska
  • Local/Short Lines

15
CSX
  • Miles 23,000
  • Carloads 5.1 MM
  • Locos 4,000
  • Railcars 100,000
  • Revenues 5.6 B
  • coal 1.6 B
  • chem 0.91 B
  • auto 0.76 B

16
Norfolk Southern
  • Miles 21,800
  • Carloads 5.1 MM
  • Locos 3,500
  • Railcars 117,000
  • Revenues 5.2 B
  • coal 1.3 B
  • intermodal 0.83 B
  • auto 0.73 B
  • chem 0.73 B

17
Union Pacific
  • Miles 38,600
  • Carloads 8.5 MM
  • Locos 6,847
  • Railcars 157,000
  • Revenues 10.2 B
  • coal 2.2 B
  • intermodal 1.7 B
  • chem 1.6 B
  • auto 1.0 B

18
BNSF
  • Miles 33,500
  • Locos 5,000
  • Railcars 90,000
  • Revenues 9.1 B
  • carload 2.6 B
  • intermodal 2.5 B
  • coal 2.2 B
  • agri 1.3 B

19
Kansas City Southern
  • Miles 6,400
  • NAFTA railroad
  • Gateway Western
  • KCS
  • TexMex
  • TFM
  • Panama Canal RR

20
Canadian National
  • Miles 16,000
  • Carloads 3.5 MM
  • Locos 5,000
  • Railcars 90,000
  • Revenues 5.1 B
  • grain 1.0 B
  • forest 0.97 B
  • chem 0.84 B
  • intermodal 0.80 B

21
Locomotive Equipment
  • They are mobile power plants
  • Diesel generators
  • DC and AC traction motors
  • Road vs. switching
  • Multiple units
  • consist
  • DPUs and helpers for heavy trains, grades

22
Pre-diesel UP locomotives
23
UP Road Locomotive
  • AC traction (6000 HP)

24
CSX Roads in Two-engine consist
25
Yard switcher
  • Often retired road locomotives
  • Low HP (1500)

26
Boxcars
  • Weather-protection
  • Insulation, refrigeration, cushioning
  • Auto parts, building materials, food products,
    bagged products

27
Automobile Racks (autoracks)
  • Bi-level or tri-level
  • Damage/vandalism protection
  • Finished autos, trucks, vans, minivans

28
Load/unload operations autoracks
  • a type of roll-on, roll-off system

29
Open hoppers
  • Hopper openings or rotary couplers
  • Coal, coke, stone, sand, ores, gravel

30
Load operations coal
  • conveyors

31
Unload operations coal
32
Covered hoppers
  • load round or trough hatch
  • unload hoppers (gravity, airslide)
  • grains, corn, soybeans, flour, salt, sugar, clay,
    phosphates, cement, fertilizers, plastics

33
Tank cars
  • Private (non-railroad) fleets
  • Chemicals, molasses, water, diesel fuel

34
Gondolas
  • Open or covered
  • Scrap metal, aggregates, woodchips, logs, poles,
    steel beams, steel coils

35
Load/unload Lumber on flatcars
36
TOFC
  • Trailer-on-flatcar
  • Highway trailers
  • LTL trucking growth in intermodal

37
TOFC train
38
COFC
  • Container-on-flatcar
  • ocean shipping containers, trucking containers

39
Double-stack COFC (1979)
  • Articulated cars
  • Clearances
  • bridge/tunnel investments

40
Load/unload Double-stack COFC
41
Intermodal flatcar types
  • Two-hitch flatcar
  • two trailers, each up to 40 ft length
  • Articulated well flatcar
  • containers sit low for double-stacking
  • articulation no conflict with rail wheels
    (trucks)
  • 3 to 5 permanently joined units
  • Roadrailer
  • truck trailers mounted on railroad wheel
    assemblies

42
EOT Device
  • End-of-train device
  • Caboose replacement
  • warns following trains
  • Crew size reduction
  • brakemen, fireman gone
  • 2-4 person crews
  • labor cost reduction

43
Rail shipping
  • Shipment types
  • Unit train (bulk commodities)
  • Carload (FCL)
  • Less-than-carload (LCL)
  • Train types
  • Unit train (through service)
  • Hot shot (intermodal expedited service)
  • Bulk train (single bulk commodity)
  • Manifest (mixed freight)

44
Unit train routing
  • Direct, through trains
  • From shipper to consignee
  • Coal train example
  • Powder River Basin, WY to Dallas area power
    plant
  • Petrochemical example
  • Elizabeth, NJ refinery to Houston processing
    plant
  • Interline

45
Intermodal train routing
  • Expedited service
  • But, set-outs or pick-ups at consolidation points
  • Load/unload intermodal yards
  • Portside (e.g. Long Beach)
  • Port adjacent (e.g. Oakland)
  • Inland
  • Enroute yards
  • hubs
  • cross-towns (rubber tire transfers)

46
Manifest (mixed freight) train routing
  • Load/unload facilities
  • Shipper sidings, public facilities (e.g. grain
    elevators)
  • Switching service to terminal railyard
  • Hump yards
  • Classification
  • sorting by destination
  • Receiving, bowl, departing
  • Hub-and-spoke concept

47
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48
(No Transcript)
49
North Platte Hump Yard (UP)
50
US Deregulation Staggers (1980)
  • Market-driven pricing
  • only for route/services with competition
  • Confidential service agreements, rates
  • Abandonment and sale streamlined
  • Impact
  • Costs down 57 from 1981 to 1998
  • Return on net investment from 2 to 7
  • Consolidation
  • Regionals and shortlines 50,000 miles

51
Post-deregulation performance
52
Railroad misconceptions
  • Not technologically advanced
  • 247 billion investment since 1980
  • Advanced signaling, communication, control
  • Rolling stock outdated
  • 7,500 new locomotives since 1990 (37.5)
  • Freight cars lighter, stronger, more reliable

53
BN Operating center
54
Freight railroads no subsidies!
  • Track privately-owned and operated
  • construction and maintenance
  • Amtrak
  • pays usage fees to freight railroads
  • Trucking uses public infrastructure
  • CM funding via 0.55/gallon fuel tax but
  • Estimate covers only 2/3 of costs
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