Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

• Introduction to organic chemistry
• Principles of carbon chemistry
• Principle of polymers
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic chemistry and biochemistry
• Take Home Message

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Organic Chemistry

• Introduction to organic chemistry
• Principles of carbon chemistry
• Principle of polymers
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic chemistry and biochemistry
• Take Home Message

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Elements of the Solar System Importance of Carbon

• 25 of 92 natural elements are known to be
  essential to life on Earth
• Four of the above make up 96!
• Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H) and Nitrogen
  (N)
• Compare to solar abundance and discuss relative
  to evolution of biochemistry in origin of life

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Elements of the Periodic Table
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Frequency of Carbon

• Carbon as a building block
• C is the 4th most common element in the solar
  system
• Probably the same frequency elsewhere in the
  Universe
• Conclusion C is common throughout the Universe
  and is likely to behave similarly (C and its
  tendency to form covalent bonds) in most
  environments

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Chemistry Subdivisions

• Organic Chemistry
• Chemistry of compounds in which C is the
  principal element (biotic/living and
  abiotic/non-living)
• Inorganic Chemistry
• Chemistry of all other elements
• Significance of C in chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

• Introduction to organic chemistry
• Principles of carbon chemistry
• Principle of polymers
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic chemistry and biochemistry
• Take Home Message

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Principles of Carbon Chemistry Cs Atom

• C is unparalleled in its ability to form
  molecules that are large, complex and diverse in
  structure
• Key is the C atom (protons, electrons, and
  quantum mechanics)
• C has ____ electrons
• Little tendency to gain or loose electrons (i.e.,
  no ionic bonding)
• Greater likelihood for electrons to be shared in
  covalent bonds
• Possible covalent bonds per atom from __ to ___
• Most common elements with which C bonds
• O, H, N and C (compare with prominence in living
  systems)

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Principles of Carbon Chemistry Linkages among
Carbon Atoms

• Linkages among C atoms form macromolecules
  (define)
• Chains of C (methane and ethane)
• Branches of C
• Rings of C (e.g., benzene)

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Principles of Carbon Chemistry Functional Groups

• Distinctive features of C macromolecules is a
  function of two aspects of the molecules
• Carbon skeleton (chains, branches, rings)
• Chains, branches or rings
• Number of C atoms (2, 3, 4, etc.)
• Groups of atoms attached to carbon skeleton
• Called functional groups (some example)
• Hydroxyl (OH)
• Amino (NH2)
• Phosphate (P)
• Total of five different functional groups

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Organic Chemistry

• Introduction to organic chemistry
• Principles of carbon chemistry
• Principle of polymers
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic chemistry and biochemistry
• Take Home message

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Principle of Polymers Introduction

• Principle of hierarchy theory and emergent
  properties
• Small molecules joined together to form large
  molecules up to 1,000s of C atoms
• Macromolecules
• Infinite array of possible combinations, each
  with its own unique chemistry

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Principle of Polymers

• In living systems, polymers of C results in four
  major classes of compounds that are of extreme
  importance
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• Lipids
• Linkages between C atoms via covalent bonds
• Calculating potential diversity of C polymers
• Analogy to alphabet (26 letters) and infinite
  ways to create words
• If 45 basic different C alphabet pieces, infinite
  ways to create polymers of C

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Organic Chemistry

• Introduction to organic chemistry
• Principles of carbon chemistry
• Principle of polymers
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic chemistry and biochemistry

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Hydrocarbons

• Carbon compounds with only two elements
• C and H
• C-C bonding via covalent bonds (nonpolar)
• Number of bonds
• 1, 2, 3, or 4
• Most simple compound is methane
• H
• H C H
• H

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Hydrocarbons C to C Bonding

• C to C bond can be single bond (C-C)
• H H
• Ethane H C-C H
• H H
• C to C bond can be double bond (C C)
• H H
• Ethene C C
• H H
• C to C bond can be triple bond (C C)
• Ethyne H C C H

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Hydrocarbons Groups

• Alkanes
• Single covalent bond between C atoms
• Methane (C1H4)
• Ethane (C2H6)
• Propane (C3H8)
• Butane (C4H10)
• Pentane (C5H12)
• Octane (C__H18)
• Decane (C__H22)
• Pattern CnH2n2)
• Alkynes (triple bond C C)
• Alkenes (double bond or C C)
• Aromatics (rings or cyclic C atoms)
• Example (C6H6)

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Hydrocarbons Saturated and Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons

• Saturated hydrocarbons maximum number of H atoms
  bonded to C
• H H
• Ethane or H C - C H
• H H
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons anything else
• H H
• Ethylene or C C
• H H

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Organic Chemistry

• Introduction to organic chemistry
• Principles of carbon chemistry
• Principle of polymers
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic chemistry and biochemistry
• Take Home Message

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Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

• Keys
• Structure of basic unit
• Polymer structure
• Functional group (e.g., OH, P or NH2)
• Types of C polymers for biotic systems
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Monomers

• Carbohydrates
• Glucose or C6H12O6
• Functional unit hydroxyl or OH-
• Proteins
• Amino acid
• Functional unit amine or NH2
• Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotide or
• Functional units organic N base, carbohydrate,
  and phosphate
• Lipids
• Fatty acids C16-18
• Functional unit glycerol (3 OH- groups)

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Organic Chemistry

• Introduction to organic chemistry
• Principles of carbon chemistry
• Principle of polymers
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic chemistry and biochemistry
• Take Home Message

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Take Home Message

• While the molecule of water is simple but
  exquisite and unique in its chemical behavior,
  the C atom is unusual and unique in its chemical
  behavior but for different reasons
• Covalent bonding
• Valence electrons
• Unusual behavior of C results in extreme array of
  simple to very complex molecules as a function of
• Polymers
• Functional groups
• Life as we know it is hard to imagine without C
  behaving as a polymer with covalent bonds to
  create carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and
  lipids (C polymers)
• Principle of hierarchy theory and emergent
  properties

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Exam Coverage

• Text
• Chapter 9 (Atomic Structure entire chapter)
• Chapter 10 (Elements Periodic Table entire
  chapter)
• Chapter 11 (Compounds and Chemical Change entire
  chapter excluding pages noted in lecture and
  posted on the www)
• Chapter 12 (Chemical Formulas ONLY pp 278-279
  p 292 - Units of Measurement)
• Chapter 13 (Water Solutions exclude pp 306-310
  (electrolytes, boiling point, and freezing
  point)
• Lecture Notes
• Atoms and Elements Valence Electrons and
  Bonding Water and Organic Chemistry
• Labs
• Physics Electricity and Light
• NO OTHER LABS FOR THIS EXAM

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Help or Desperation Sessions

• Tuesday _at_ 500 PM in Honors Lounge
• Wednesday _at_ 630 Pm in Honors Lounge
• No lecture, questions only