Emotional Development Young Children

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Emotional DevelopmentYoung Children

• Child Psychology
• Dennis Karpowitz

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Eriksons TheoryInitiative versus Guilt

• Conscience
• Play

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Freuds Phallic Stage

• Phallic stage
• Oedipus conflict
• Electra conflict
• Superego and conscience
• Identification

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Self-Development

• Self-concept
• Self-esteem, Self-worth
• Rate own abilities highly
• Underestimate task difficulty
• Allows initiative

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Emotional Development

• Gains in representation and language
• Rise of self-conscious emotions
• Shame
• Embarrassment
• Guilt
• Envy
• Pride

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Understanding Emotion

• Ability to interpret, predict change others
  feelings
• Focus on the most obvious
• Talking about feelings brings emotional control
• Make-believe play, well developed
• Emotional knowledge increased ability to get
  along with others.

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Emotion and Self-Regulation

• Language emotional self-regulation
• Emotional blunting, socially helpful
• Communicate positive feeling
• Temperament makes a difference
• Fears are common because of vivid imaginations.

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Self-Conscious Emotions

• Injury or enhancement to sense of self
• Audience necessary
• Related to achievement and moral behavior
• Success and failure
• Good and bad
• Often defined by parents and teachers

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Empathy

• Why is empathy socially important?
• More likely to help others
• Rely more on words than toddlers
• Parental modeling effects their reaction to
  others suffering.

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Peer Relations

• Play
• Nonsocial activity, common in 3-4 year olds
• Parallel play
• Associative play
• Cooperative play
• All types of play typical at this age
• First friendships - pleasurable play, 4-7
• Parental influence on peer relationships

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Foundations of Morality

• Age 2, concerned with how one should act
• 1. Morality is externally, adult controlled
• 2. Gradual development of inner standards
• 3. Develop principles of good conduct
• Freud and the superego - harsh standards
• Induction - looking at consequences
• Prosocial - altruistic behavior

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Foundations of Morality Cont.

• Behaviorism and social learning theory
• Good behavior followed by rewards
• Modeling is powerful

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Harsh Punishment

• Promotes momentary compliance
• Provides children with an aggressive model
• Teaches children to avoid punishing adults
• Offers immediate relief to adults who are then
  reinforced for using coercive discipline

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Mild Punishment

• Helpful when used as follows
• In a warm parent-child relationship
• When used with consistency
• When accompanied by explanation
• When the adult is in control of him/her-self
• When positive interactions predominate

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Alternative of Physical Punishment

• Redirection
• Time out
• Withdrawal of privileges
• Onerous tasks
• Talking about it
• Reward good behavior

Catchem ben good
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Cognition and Morality

• Children are active thinkers
• Social conventions gt moral rules
• Social experiences leads to ideas about justice
  and fairness
• Aggressive children show poor moral reasoning.

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Aggression

• Instrumental vs. hostile aggression
• Overt vs. relational aggression
• Boys more aggressive than girls
• Girls tend to use relational aggression
• By 2 aggression decreases in girls

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Families Model Aggression

• Anger and Punitiveness
• Commands and physical punishment (boys)
• Parents overlook fighting among boys
• Boys less guilty about fighting than girls
• High aggressors rejected by peers
• Television and aggression
• Social Problem Solving
• Shure Spivack

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Gender Typing

• Role and Preferences
• Strong among preschoolers
• Maccoby - hormonal influences
• Environmental influences
• The family
• Teachers
• Peers
• Television.

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Gender Identity

• Masculine
• Feminine
• Androgynous
• Learned by
• Modeling and reinforcement
• Gender Constancy
• Gender schema theory
• Reducing unhelpful gender stereotyping

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Child Rearing

• Variables
• Warmth, responsiveness
• Verbal explanation
• Limit setting
• Physical or non physical punishment
• Styles of Parenting
• Authoritative
• Coercive (authoritarian)
• Permissive
• Uninvolved

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Parenting Styles
Warmth Reasoning Limits Phys. Pun.
Hi
Coercive
Authoritative
Permissive
Low
Uninvolved
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Child Abuse

• Physical Abuse
• Sexual Abuse
• Physical or Emotional Neglect
• Emotional, Verbal or Psychological Abuse

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Child Abuse Statistics

• 1,460 child fatalities in 2005
• Children under 3 years of age are most at risk

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Child Abuse Statistics Cont.

• 13.1 Million Cases Reported in 1998
• 132 increase in one decade
• 200,000 Reported Cases of Child Sexual Abuse
• Approximately 68 of the cases studied
  confirmed the abuse.

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Child Abuse Cont.

• What signs do you look for?
• Consistency
• Regularity
• Lack of logical explanation..