Session Title

1
Mobile Logistics Platform
User Interface

• Domain-Spec. Building Blocks
• Driving Costs
• Capacities
• Time Window Compliance
• Etc.

Customizable Business Logic

• Pluggable Optimization Heuristics
• Spatial
• Partitioning
• VRP-TW
• Capacities

Logistics Algorithms
GIS Data Repository
External Enterprise Systems
2
Solution Overview
Weather Feeds
Traffic Feeds
CRM and Decision Support
Customer Location
GPS
Vehicle Location
Routing Services
LocationServices
Fleet Scheduler
Maps, Directions
GIS Database
Times, Dist., Routes
TransDecisions
Schedule
3
Rethinking User Interactions

• From Give me the phone directory so I can
  find the number of the nearest pizza place
• To Give me the telephone number of the nearest
  pizza place
• Implicit query has been made explicit
• Context (e.g. location) information is being used
  to refine the query

4
Contextualized Information

• Objective mass customization for customer
  retention
• Approach
• Deeper models ontologies
• e.g. Dominos Pizza is a pizza restaurant,
  There is a Dominos Pizza on 5th Ave, etc.
• Exploit personal preferences
• e.g. John likes pizza,
• Maintain information about the users context
• Its noon, Johns morning meeting is over,
  John is on 6th Ave

5
Business Implications

• Personalization and context awareness are key to
  creating a compelling user experience
• Consumers are reluctant to enter their personal
  information over and over again
• Preferences, calendar activities, address book,
  payment details, etc.
• Many players are eager to serve as primary
  repository for the users personal information
• Portals, content providers, banks, etc.

6
General Considerations

• Todays m-commerce landscape is dominated by
  simple infotainment services
• Over time, many people expect to see the
  emergence of a variety of highly personalized,
  context-aware services
• If its sunny and Im with my kids, tell me about
  the ice cream place at the corner
• If I need to catch a plane, tell me about traffic
  conditions to the airport
• I am driving along Nathan road, please tell me
  where I can get a parking space
• A merchant in Festival Walk will be able to send
  m-coupon to all the young female customers

7
Higher Degrees of Personalization

• Collectively, our calendar system, our favorite
  portal, our address book, etc. know a lot about
  us
• but they cant talk to one another
• Tomorrow
• Applications that can talk to one another
• e.g. SOAP
• Mobile Personal Information Management (PIM),
  Personal Agent, Mobile CRM, and Learning
• Digital wallets and mobile wallet (m-wallet)
• Personal details, preferences and permission
  profiles
• e.g. 3GPPs Personal Service Environment,
  Microsoft Passport, Liberty Alliance, etc.

8
Context-Awareness

• More than just location and time
• Your activities
• Social context
• Weather
• Traffic conditions
• Who you are with
• etc.

9
Interoperability

• Today
• Specialized directories
• e.g. www.go2.com No 1. Mobile yellow page,
  ZagatSurvey Restaurant Guide
• No standard way of advertising, invoking,
  composing and monitoring services
• End result Users are left doing things manually
• e.g. opening hours, menu, reserving a table, etc.
• Tomorrow
• New standards Web Services, Semantic Web
• (semi-)autonomous agents

10
The big picture
From macro to micro geography
From location-based services to sensor-based
services
11
Where are you?
Telecom Based
GPS (A-GPS, Galileo)
24 satellites broadcasting fixed position
Wi-Fi
Smart Tags (RFID, UWB)
12
Evolution
1980
Now
GIS
Spatial Databases
Open Spatial
Spatially Enabled Apps.
Real time Position Awareness
Physical planning Environment Land-use .
Universal storage CRM-ERP .
Distributed architectures Open solutions Vendor
neutral .
CRM, ERP, Logistics Planning, Retail .
Smart Space Real time processes .
13
From macro to micro geography
Indoors
Outdoors
Areas
Objects
14
Contents

• Understanding RFID
• Application of RFID tagging to
• Getting your shipping environment ready for RFID
• RFID in Airline Industry

15
RFID Basics

• RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
• RFID is a relatively new technology to the supply
  chain, although it has been around since the 50s
• RFID utilizes non contact / non line of sight
  methods to collect data
• RFID tags can be used in different configurations
• Active/Passive
• Read-only
• Write once / read many (WORM)
• Read / Write

16
How Does an RFID System Work?
(Tag ID Communication)
Antenna
RF Module
Reader
17
Any device
18
What makes RFID relevant now?

• After decades of technology refinement these
  radio tags have now become very small and
  inexpensive
• A great deal of innovation has brought us to the
  point where the silicon core of an radio tag is
  now 0.4mm
• The antenna can be printed onto a products
  packaging at time of manufacture
• Currently radio tags can be purchased for less
  that 0.25 in quantity.
• gt RFID is small enough, fast enough, and cheap
  enough to do real work with
  today.

19
Benefits of RFID

• RFID technology has the ability to send
  relatively large amounts of data with the product
  as it travels through the supply chain.
• Read / write RFID tags can be updated through the
  manufacturing steps of a product.
• By lowering the error rate of goods moved through
  the supply chain, vendors can share in the
  savings realized by RFID technology

20
RFID advantages over traditional data collection
via barcode

• No line of sight required
• Multiple items can be read with a single scan
• Portable database of information for each tag
• Hidden data source
• Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime
• Active tags can be read from great distances
• Can be combined with current barcode technology

21
RFID Advantages (cont.)

• Ability to survive in harsh conditions
• Data on the tag can be modified through the life
  of the product
• Data on the tag can also be locked or partially
  locked leaving the rest of the tag for other uses
• A unique permanent ID is embedded in each tag

22
RFID Disadvantages

• No line of sight required
• Multiple items can be read with a single scan
• Cost
• Tags run from .50 to 250.00
• Additive Cost . . . . . . . .
• Limited read/write range for passive tags
• 4 inches to 20 feet
• Current lack of standards, although that is being
  addressed rapidly

23
Two Main Types of RFID Tags

• Two main types of tags
• Active tags (battery powered)
• Read/write possible
• Battery powered memory, radio circuitry
• High read range (300 feet)
• Up to 1mb of memory
• Passive tags (powered by the interrogator)
• Read/write possible
• Smaller memory capacity
• Shorter read range (4 inches up to 20 feet)

24
Type 1 - Transmitter Tags

• Also known as active
• Typically Battery Powered
• Longer Read Range then passive tags
• Higher Cost
• Typically More Data Storage then Passive Tags
• Application Examples
• Toll Tags
• Rail/Truck Car
• Asset Tracking
• Etc. . .

25
Type 2 - Backscatter Tags

• Also known as passive tags
• No battery on the tag, powered by the RFID
  interrogator
• Read range dependent on many variables
• RF environment and interference
• Material being read
• Frequency being used
• Virtually unlimited lifespan
• Limited memory available
• Lower cost per tag

26
RFID Tag Memory

• Read-only tags
• Tag ID is assigned at the factory during
  manufacturing
• Can never be changed
• No additional data can be assigned to the tag
• Write once, read many (WORM) tags
• Data written once, e.g., during packing or
  manufacturing
• Tag is locked once data is written
• Similar to a compact disc or DVD
• Read/Write
• Tag data can be changed over time
• Part or all of the data section can be locked

27
RFID Components (cont.)

• RFID Interrogators and Antennas
• Provide communications between the RFID tags and
  the host system
• Can be fixed or mobile devices
• Can be mounted as a Portal to track movements
  through a warehouse or facility
• Active tag interrogators receive transmission
  from the tags and pass them on to the host system
• Passive tag interrogators both provide power to
  activate the tag as well as read the tag contents
  and then communicate the information to the host
  system

28
RFID and EPC
RFID Tags
ReadersAntennas
ALE/Savant Server
Standards Body
EPC Name Service (ONS) EPC Information Service
(EPC IS)
29
What is EPC and how does it relate to RFID?

• EPC Stands for Electronic Product Code
• It is an extension of the concept of the UPC or
  universal product code
• The major difference between a UPC and an EPC is
  that each EPC is unique even if the product is
  the same
• Allows for the identification of any item in the
  supply chain through the use of the EPC network

30
The EPC Network

• Part of a total solution designed to allow a
  product to be identified at any point in the
  supply chain
• Via the EPC number encoded on the RFID tag
• The EPC network is designed to create an
  internet of things
• Will allow for real or near real-time visibility
  of item, case, or pallet-level info

31
How RFID Works
32
Shipping Readiness (Cont.)

• Objectives
• Identify Business Process Impacts
• Velocity
• Re-Packing
• Separate Stock
• Determine Optimal RFID Reader and Antenna
  Configurations
• Where in my internal supply chain do I need to
  collect data?
• User feedback from the RFID-enabled processes is
  key in creating a long-term solution

33
Example of a Integrated RFID System
You must be able to Orchestrate multiple types
of devices together to create a RFID system
34
Case Study RFID in Airline Industry
35
In Airline Industry and Airport Most Business
Architectures are already complex to maintain
36
The Civil Aviation Landscape
AIRSIDE
Contractors/Transient Suppliers
Retail/Lorries/Pallets etc
Logistical Assets Equipment
Cargo
Baggage
Staff
Passengers
LANDSIDE
Airlines
OUTSIDE
37
Where is RFID Already Being Used in Civil
Aviation?
Cincinnati International Airport Real-time
flight information used to improve responsiveness
of Ground Support operation
Air Canada Real time tracking of catering
equipment to improve utilisation and reduce
loss/theft
AIRSIDE
Hong Kong International Airport Reader equipped
ULDs read baggage tags generate loading
manifest
Newark International Airport Airside vehicles
are tracked and prevented from unauthorised
access to prohibited areas
LANDSIDE
Passport Agency trial Gatwick Airport Investigatin
g potential RFID chip embedded e-passports
e-visas to automate authentication checks
Zaventem Brussels Arland Stockholm Luggage
transported in tagged reusable totes
automatically routed to the correct loading
points
Toronto Vancouver Airports Smartcards access
control to restricted areas for staff and
contractors
Swissair/Sabena - Zurich Airport 70,000 frequent
flier passengers using smart cards to streamline
check-in lounge access
San Francisco Tagged high-risk passenger luggage
re-routed for additional safety checks
OUTSIDE
Heathrow Airport Taxi identification and tracking
to improve throughput, queue management billing
38
Which RFID Technologies are being Used / piloted
Commercial Civil Aviation Applications Landscape

RFID FREQUENCY USED

39
The ROI is Proving Real
40
Property Management and Access Monitoring
Nodal or Zonal?

• Passive
• Offers least expensive most durable tags
• Gives only nodal control
• No impact on AWC (if carried by aircrew)
• Active
• Real-time, infrastructure based ID and monitoring
• Not limited to nodal control
• More expensive, life-limited tags
• Can provide alerts of inappropriate co-location

41
For Baggage and Terminal Operations

• Baggage Tracking
• Ticketing
• The concept of a true e-ticket
• Essential link to biometrics
• Need to change a range of processes in order to
  tighten security
• Airline club lounge access
• Unrelated entities issuing passes
• Aircraft Line Maintenance
• Parts tracking and identification

42
Case Studies
Delta Airlines currently misplaces four bags out
of every 1,000 carried and has to spend 100
million a year recovering and delivering them.
http//news.zdnet.com/2100-1009_22-5254118.html
43
RFID Case Study Zaventem Airport
BrusselsBaggage Handling
The Problem

• High volume robust solution essential for
  productivity penalty
• avoidance
• Very high throughput operation requiring a
  highly reliable solution
• 25m items of baggage handled each year
• Barcodes systems more sensitive to alignment
  issues, dust dirt
• High failure rate cost of maintenance
  support

The Solution

• Accurate tracking from check-in to discharge
• Each item of baggage located in a re-usable
  plastic tote equipped with an RFID label
• Tags applied to the underside of totes carrying
  single items of baggage
• Totes solved issues with orientation fixed the
  distance between tag reader (3-4 cm) ensuring
  reliable performance (estimated 99.8 read
  success)
• Passive 13.56MHz read/write tags conforming to
  ISO 15693, costing between 1 - 1.50 each
• Readers located just beneath the surface of
  conveyor belts strategically placed along the
  conveyor network to facilitate tracking
  re-routing
• UHF discounted on price LF technology
  discounted due to lower data transfer speed

Passive 13.56MHz label applied to base of tote,
close to conveyor belt-mounted reader
44
RFID Case Study Zaventem Airport
BrusselsBaggage Handling
The Benefits

• Improved accuracy lower maintenance costs
• Tags provided an accurate and data rich baggage
  tracking environment. Each tag holds item
  description, origin and destination
• Tags are self adhesive easy to install on totes
  and do not interfere with X-ray inspections
• Although tags are much more expensive than
  barcodes, RFID reader equipment is slightly less
  costly
• RFID reader equipment is also easier to set up
  much more reliable and resistant to failure in
  harsh environments

Implementation Challenges

• Identifying a cost effective reliable RFID
  solution able to read tags moving at 1.8m per
  second
• Selecting a technology with sufficient on board
  memory such as ISO 15693 to hold all the
  necessary datasets
• Identifying a technology / systems design not
  impacted by electromagnetic interference or
  electricity spikes e.g. caused by conveyor belt
  motors

45
RFID Case Study Air Canada Logistics Asset
Tracking
The Problem

• Unacceptably high unexplained losses on food
  trolleys
• Poor visibility manual counting systems
• Over 10,000 food trolleys to track in over 50
  locations around the world
• Up to 538,000 of lost assets pa costing up to
  675 each
• Suppliers were resistant to any solution that
  would slow down / impact their operation forcing
  higher labor costs

The Solution

• After extensive research, active tag technology
  employed
• Active tag solution operating at 433MHz, costing
  10 each
• Read range up to 100meters achieved
• Bespoke low power circuitry operating at 0.2mW
  to avoid interference with aircraft
• systems and aviation regulations
• Accelerometer used to conserve battery power
  guarantee take wake-up when trolleys were moved

46
RFID Benefits Analysis Air Canada
The Benefits

• Confident of benefits- solution provider agreed
  to only charge for tags
• monthly service fee
• Overall operating costs reduced by 40 before
  system fully rolled out
• Up to 50 less trolleys ordered to kit out new
  aircraft (food, drinks rubbish)
• Reduced maintenance fees working capital
• Reduced cost of transporting trolley to
  suppliers who are short
• System marketed to other airlines adapted for
  ULDs aluminium pallets
• Surplus trolleys returned from suppliers used to
  kit out some new aircraft
• real time information network provides up to
  date information from 54 locations daily
• Shortages alerts communicated in real time
  fed in to planning process

Implementation Challenges

• Some initial vandalism by workers believing the
  system tracked their movements tags located on
  trolley underside readers high up in the roof
• Aluminium in trolleys reflected reader signals
  impacted ability to communicate with tags
• Selecting an RFID frequency not affected by water
  from rain when in outside storage / wash cycle

47
Other Examples of RFID in Action in Aviation

• Newark Liberty International Airport - Monitoring
  vehicles that operate 'airside'
• Use of approved wireless communications in the
  radio frequency-rich airport environment
• Ability to prevent unauthorised access to
  vehicles e.g. automatic operator log-off / remote
  vehicle disabling
• Warnings when vehicles enter prohibited areas and
  remote shut down if necessary
• Efficient resource allocation based on RFID / GPS
  status monitoring
• Alerts Reporting detailing vehicle and/or
  operator activity, location, status, movement
  history, zone violations, unauthorised access
  attempts, and other information

AIRSIDE

• San Francisco Airport High risk baggage
  screening
• High-risk passengers baggage identification for
  additional screening
• Using 915 MHz tags and readers to provide long
  read range
• Reduced costs eliminating the need to have
  security staff hand-search bags in the terminal.

LANDSIDE

• BAA Heathrow Taxi management
• Using RFID-based automatic vehicle identification
  technology to identify Taxis Taxi drivers
• Ability to predict customer demand and despatch
  taxis via handheld devices which are used by taxi
  management agents at both the feeder park and
  terminal ranks
• Wireless communication links that are less
  intrusive than a cable-based
• Quick response to any unplanned factors affecting
  the despatch of taxis, such as roadworks
• The taxi drivers themselves will also benefit
  from improved management and user information

OUTSIDE
48
Resources

• http//www.epcglobalinc.com/
• ONS Information
• http//www.epcglobalinc.com/standards_technology/S
  ecure/v1.0/WD-ons-1.0-20030930.pdf
• Savant Information
• http//www.epcglobalinc.com/standards_technology/S
  ecure/v1.0/WD-savant-1_0-20030911.doc
• PML Information
• http//www.epcglobalinc.com/standards_technology/S
  ecure/v1.0/PML_Core_Specification_v1.0.pdf
• www.RFIDJournal.com