Black Ops 2004 LayerOne

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Black Ops 2004_at_ LayerOne

• Dan Kaminsky

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Introduction

• Who am I?
• Senior Security Consultant, Avaya Enterprise
  Security Practice
• Author of Paketto Keiretsu, a collection of
  advanced TCP/IP manipulation tools
• Speaker at Black Hat Briefings
• Black Ops of TCP/IP series
• Gateway Cryptography w/ OpenSSH
• Protocol Geek

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Whats On The Plate for Today?

• / char descrip256 Youll see /

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What is DNS

• DNS Domain Name System
• Mechanism for translating human-readable names
  into machine routable addresses
• Like 411 for the Internet
• As 411 usually but not always yields simple phone
  numbers, DNS usually but not always yields IP
  addresses
• A Given name, find IP
• MX Given name, find Mail
• PTR Given IP, find name
• TXT Given name, find stuff

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Useful Traits of DNS(Very Very Abridged)

• Hierarchical
• .com says where to find addresses in
  .doxpara.com, and .doxpara.com says where to find
  addresses in foo.doxpara.com
• Recursive vs. Iterative Lookups
• Iterative Lookup Ask a server a question, it
  tells you where to go to find out the answer
• Recursive Lookup Ask a server, it goes out and
  finds out the answer for you, and tells you
• It queries the hierarchywhich you may control
• Caching
• Responses contain a TTL Time To Live within
  which future requests dont require another
  message to be sent

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Primary Research Areas for DNS

• Exploitation
• 1999-2000 were filled with exploits against BIND,
  the most common DNS server
• Not terribly vulnerable now
• DNS Spoofing
• Returning false addresses hijack peoples
  outgoing net connections
• DNS Tunneling

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DNS Tunneling 1

• How
• Client - Server
• Whats the information for BATCH-OF-ENCODED-DATA.d
  oxpara.com?
• Server - Client
• The information? Why, its HERES-THAT-DATA-YOU-W
  ERE-LOOKING-FOR
• Why?
• DNS is extremely permeable it will route
  through architectures where often nothing else
  will
• Captive portals for Wireless Internet
• More -)

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Starting SimpleDNS Tunneling 0

• Who?
• NSTX most popular
• Creates a virtual network device that routes IP
  (actually, Ethernet frames) over DNS
• Linux Only
• Rumors of various botnets / malware using DNS as
  a covert channel

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DNS Tunneling2Entering Userspace

• Starting Simple
• NSTX requires kernel cooperation to get at IP
• Lets make something that doesnt require the
  kernel, but still allows remote networking
• Remote Networking Im on this network, but all
  my traffic is routed through that network over
  there preferably securely
• Normally done with VPNs (also kernel level)
• SSH Dynamic Forwarding allows secure remote
  networking over a single TCP port (Poor Mans
  VPN)
• So lets start with SSH over DNS

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DNS Tunneling3Problems

• DNS is not TCP
• TCP moves bytestreams, DNS moves records
• Blocks of data
• TCP lets either side speak first, while in DNS,
  the server can only talk if the client asks
  something
• TCP is 8 bit clean, while DNS can only move a
  limited set of characters in each direction
  (Base64)
• This seems so familiar

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DNS Tunneling4Mini-HTTP

• The semantics of DNS are surprisingly similar to
  those of HTTP
• Many tools have been written with the lets
  tunnel everything over HTTP methodology because
  it gets through firewalls easier (see first
  point)
• Those tools that support small message sizes
  (like GNU httptunnel) can be quickly modified to
  use DNS as an alternate transport
• Must use separate streams for upstream vs.
  downstream, since downstream reflects all data
  from upstream (similar to HTTP, but on a per
  packet basis)
• But DNS has a feature HTTP servers dont

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DNS Tunneling5Recursive Redux

• Recursive lookup Ask another host to iterate
  through the hierarchy to find your answer
• Why, its as if every web server was also a web
  proxy...
• Simple Trick Bounce your traffic off any DNS
  server (like, for instance, a captive portals
  DNS for free WiFi)
• But theres better

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DNS Tunneling6Set em up

• Some DNS servers are dual hosted
• External interface is sending names out
• Internal interface is bringing names in
• Two interfaces because one is behind the firewall
  and one is in front
• Subdomain Delegation
• It is possible to claim that foo.doxpara.com is
  hosted at an arbitrary name server with an
  arbitrary IP address
• even if you yourself cant route to that
  address
• someone else can

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DNS Tunneling7and knock em down

• Incoming SSH to Protected Networks via Recursive
  DNS
• 1. Wrap SSHD in dns-ized httptunnel
• 2. Request that remote DNS daemon look up a
  subdomain of a domain you control. Tell that DNS
  itll find the answer it seeks at the internal
  server with the SSHD-DNS.
• 3. SSHD-DNS receives forwarded request, responds
  to it. Remote DNS daemon forwards that response
  back to you.
• 4. Continue with normal SSH over DNS semantics.
• Note This is actually a bad thing

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Changing the Gameplan

• Most tricks require a DNS server under the
  requesters control
• The client and the final server conspire against
  the recursive server in the middle
• But what if there is no DNS server under the
  clients control?
• What can a client do with queries alone?
• Can two clients communicate with eachother
  through a DNS server?

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DNS Cache Modulation0

• DNS stores the results of queries, along with a
  TTL (Time To Live)
• Well known Information Leakage If someone else
  looked up a site first, the TTL is different.
• Example
• root_at_bsd dig _at_129.210.8.1 mail.layerone.info
  sleep 100 dig _at_129.210.8.1 mail.layerone.info
• First Reply mail.layerone.info. 4H IN A
  66.33.213.202
• Second Reply mail.layerone.info. 3h58m19s
  IN A 66.33.213.202
• Destructive If nobody else made a particular
  query, then the probe becomes the standard bearer
  for max seconds.
• Not well known Two hosts can communicate with
  eachother through the state change introduced by
  a particular query
• Possibly the lowest bandwidth channel available,
  at 1 bit per query

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DNS Cache Modulation1

• Temporal Bit Mapping
• The sender requests a low traffic, preferably low
  TTL name from the server.
• The receiver requests the same name, and sees it
  at some decremented TTL value. It thus knows at
  approximately what time the cache entry will
  expire.
• Within some sender window after expiration, the
  sender either does (1) or does not (0) issue
  another request for the same name
• Within some receiver window, the receiver
  checks the name after the window expiration. IF
  the TTL is max, then the bit was 0. IF the TTL
  is not max, then the bit was 1.
• Capacity 1 bit per Max TTL period (slowwww)

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DNS Cache Modulation2

• Spatial Bit Mapping
• Spread the load across multiple names, probably
  each retrieved off a wildcard server
• Wildcard 00000001.doxpara.com still resolves
• Bits are set within a setting window
• Bits are destructively read within a reading
  window, using an identical TTL strategy.
• Next series of bits may be sent when TTL of last
  sent request by the sender expires.
• Capacity 1 bit per name per Max TTL period
  (slow)

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DNS Cache Modulation3

• Bidirectionality
• Simply use two separate channels, or timeshare
  one channel
• Its just a shared medium
• Adaptability
• Anything that can be changed by one and seen by
  another can be used to send data
• Web Counters
• IP ID counters in IP Stacks
• Whether a car was washed
• Did it increment or not? Were there sharp
  spikes between 601 and 602?
• You can always send a bit can we send more?

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History of DNS Storage

• Long history of storing data in DNS
• Means
• TXT records
• AXFR Zone Transfer (can be arbitrarily large, but
  doesnt work from almost any restricted network
  since its TCP)
• Downsides
• Very inefficient packet size (w/o AXFR) is
  locked below 512 bytes, and you only get a little
  more than half of the packet filled with a
  payload
• DNS can get really slow, especially under load
• Upsides
• Everyone has a DNS server, and it caches

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KDNS0

• What do we have?
• A Very Dynamic DNS server
• A Desire to Send More Than A Bit
• Fine, Ill go host a name on a server
• A challenge to send something new
• What do we get?

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KDNS1

• Voice over DNS TXT w/ Streaming Audio
• Speex codec supports Voice compression at 2kbps
  (best public codec)
• Ends up (with headers) being about 356
  bytes/second
• We can traffic 356 bytes per second through even
  extremely slow DNS servers
• Power to the Caching People
• Use a TTL of WINDOW seconds (20s)
• All listeners behind the same DNS server will
  split the same stream

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KDNS2

• Server HOWTO
• .server.com
• TTLWINDOW
• TXT (or MX) 1.0s or 0.5s of audio
• latest.server.com
• CNAME to ..server.com
• TTL0
• This may be broken by resolvers with minimum TTL
  requirements (implemented to fight Dynamic DNS
  server loads)

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KDNS3

• Client HOWTO
• Retrieve latest.server.com, learn
  ..server.com
• Retrieve audio samples from .ser
  ver.com up through .server.com
• Prefer to start playing at a packet that has
  spent some time decrementing in the cache
  binary search for oldest sample within the window
• Add random jitter for the start sample this
  way, everyones at a different point in the
  stream, and if the lead looker drops, someone
  else will be next up to be first in line

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KDNS4

• Alternate Implementation Proxy-Friendly HTTP
  Streaming
• Abandon DNS entirely simply distribute 3-10s
  chunks of audio over HTTP and let proxy servers
  share them out
• Requires client cooperation, and greatly
  increases latency, but solves the (bandwidth)
  problem that proxies dont cache streams
• Proxies dont support TTLs, though a server
  side script would need to monitor that
• HTTP of course supports much higher bandwidth!

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Crossroads

• Everything weve done with DNS is slow and low
  bandwidth?
• DNS servers store little data, and may return it
  relatively slowly
• Cant we go any faster? Is there no DNS
  solution with capacity?
• Many hands make light work
• There are many many many DNS servers
• And almost all of them cache.

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DomainCast0

• The basic concept
• Normal DNS operation Talk to your own server it
  retrieves data on demand from the official server
  upstream
• Domaincast DNS operation Talk to servers with
  different blocks preloaded into their cache each
  of those blocks refers to the location of other
  cached blocks. Upstream server has actually
  preloaded data (through directed queries) into
  all of the servers.
• This is possible. This is not necessarily a good
  idea. Dont try this at home.

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DomainCast1

• Sidestepping Limited Resources
• Capacity
• 20K/server 80 records _at_ 256bytes
• 700MB Knoppix, a full Linux distribution
• 700MB / 20K 35,000 servers required
• Number of DNS servers detected in a single class
  A 140,000 (More on this later)
• Speed
• 1Kb/s 35,000 35MB/s
• Would require upload of 3.5MB/s
• 50 packet / formatting overhead 17MB/s
• Not going to achieve peak bandwidth (itd shred
  reliability) but not going to get 1k/s either

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DomainCast2

• Packet Formats
• Request ..server.com
• Reply Either TXT or MX
• TXT Base64 Representation of Fixed Size Struct
  (describing file size, byte offset, data, and
  other servers)
• MX Can also represent data as mail server
  addresses
• Requires dots every 64 characters
• Responses are reordered randomly must sort by
  precedence
• Some headaches with extra information being
  volunteered
• MX may stress BIND servers more (triggers search
  tree)

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DomainCast3

• Basic Mode All packets retrieved from master
  server, provide linked list pointers to same host
• 0.file.server.com first block, here for second
• 256.file.server.com second block, here for
  third
• Etc.

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Domaincast4Population via Brute Force

• Simplest Approach
• Find enough servers that recurse
• DNS servers dont move rapidly - Scan amortizes
  well across many populations
• Plan out whos going to store which blocks
• Populate servers with data, references to planned
  other servers
• Easy to validate caching, though not easy to fix
  a broken reference
• Can populate out of order 64 populating,
  verifying streams

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Domaincast50Reverse Serial Propagation

• The problem To populate the first server, you
  need the address of the second server. But to
  populate the second, you need the addr of the
  third. What to do?
• Answer Populate backwards. The last server
  points nowhere. The second to last points to the
  last. The third to last points to the second to
  last.
• Multi-server last server can equal last server
  group.
• Server groups may be larger than packet capacity
  to list servers just include a random set

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Domaincast51 Reverse Serial Propagation

• Can be quickly and statelessly deployed
• Scan networks with generic recursive probe
• For each incoming request seeking to service the
  probe, return whatever(TTL0) and probe with an
  actual block request
• If a block request comes back from the recurser,
  populate the server
• If the population packet drops, the upstream
  should retransmit
• Move back through the file after each server
  group fills up
• Can be much slower to populate!

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Large Scale DNS Scanning0

• Modding the scanrand codebase
• Basic scanrand concept One half spews traffic,
  the other sees what comes back. Little to no
  communication between the two halves fast!
• Scanrand manages TCP statelessness is a bit of a
  novelty to it. DNS is built on UDP, raw packet
  manipulation isnt even necessary (it was useful,
  though).
• Reflection Stateless operation depends on
  sending packets out and forgetting, only to have
  the necessary data returned back in the response
  packet
• TCP barely reflects back 48 bits worth of data
• DNS reflects back whatever was in the query
  thousands of bits if you want em!
• Crypto signatures can be embedded in the
  reflection

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Large Scale DNS Scanning1

• Floodable DNS Queries implemented by miname
• Is anyone there, recursive or not?
• Many hosts that dont support recursion will at
  least provide a NXDOMAIN, but not all will
• We need a generic query that appears to almost
  always work
• 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa PTR - 127.0.0.1
  localhost
• Everyone is localhost ?
• Will you recurse back to me?
• BIG_COOKIE.server.com

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Large Scale DNS Scanning2

• Returned Results
• Direct You requested, they responded.
• Forward Lookup You requested, they requested
  back to you, you responded.
• Often not the server that you asked that asks you
• Reverse Lookup You requestedand someone
  wondered who you were asking such questions

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Large Scale DNS Scanning3

• More on Reverse Auditing
• Not being too secretive
• root_at_bsd host 64.81.64.164
• 164.64.81.64.IN-ADDR.ARPA domain name pointer
  mail.dan.at.doxpara.com
• L0phts Antisniff project locate sniffers and
  IDSs by watching reverse DNS traffic on the LAN
• Miname w/ Co-opted Servers Watch sniffers and
  IDSs across the entire internet
• TTL0 on PTR replies means they continually look
  you up when you pass by them
• Hard, but not impossible, to associate reverse
  lookup with node scanned to attract
• Temporally associated w/ scan
• Multiple scans, out of order, should provide
  required correlation
• Traceroutes may help too we know whos looking
  us up

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Rendering The Flood

• How much data could it be?
• root_at_fire root ls -l dns.log -rw-r--r-- 1
  root root 360215644 May 28 1242 dns.log
• How are we going to visualize this?
• 3D space could use the tools we used to
  visualize the complexity of arbitrary data

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Phentropy w/ OpenQVIS

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3D Viz0

• 3D Space provides a potentially valuable
  perspective on extremely complex datasets
• Volume tools have gotten more mature
• Volsuite Free, Open Source, Full Color, Cross
  Platform, Fast
• Video games New Absurdly High Speed Graphics
  Chipsets

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3D Viz1

• Volumetric Texture Based
• Stacks of transparent photos
• Arbitrary complexity data it all gets blurred
  in
• Limits positional accuracy
• Totally static you cant animate the population
• Particle Vertex Based
• Dots! Dots everywhere!
• Arbitrary positional accuracy floating point
  coordinates can be zoomed into
• Limits number of particles
• Very easy to make dynamic
• Dynamic particles can express higher dimensional
  data

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3D Viz2

• Dimensions
• Static XYZ, Color
• Dynamic
• Shape
• Direction
• Color Shift
• Trajectory Shift
• Brightness / Flare
• Surprising aspect of dynamics Motion away from
  source point appears to bolster memory /
  perception of that point

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3D Viz3

• Under Development As yet unnamed Generic 3D
  Plotter
• Coordinates are streamed in, perhaps with
  information about how to render each particle
• A more generic version of the Spinning Cube of
  Potential Doom
• Parallel development ?

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Conclusion

• Stuff Cool
• More Stuff Soon