PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:

1
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT MATURATION AND GROWTH

• Birth to Two Years
• Birth
• Neonatal Period
• Each Month
• Fourth Month
• Twelve Months
• Between 1-2 Years
• Two Years Old

2
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT MATURATION AND GROWTH

• Birth to Two Years

• Two to Six Years
• 1. Slimmer
• 2. Proportions

3
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT MATURATION AND GROWTH

• Birth to Two Years

• Two to Six Years
• C. Seven to 11 Years
• 1. Slimmer
• 2. Muscles
• 3. Lungs

4
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT MATURATION AND GROWTH

• Birth to Two Years

• Two to Six Years
• Seven to 11 Years
• Puberty
• 1. Growth Weight Gain
• 2. Gonads/Sex Glands
• 3. Secondary Sex Characteristics
• 4. Body Composition
• 5. Circulation and Respiration

5

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• A. Birth to Two Years
• Newborn
• Five Months
• Nine Months
• Twelve Months

6

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• Birth to Two Years
• Sources of Variation
• Environmental Influences
• Inherited Factors

7

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• Birth to Two Years
• Sources of Variation
• Two to Six Years
• Speed
• Coordination
• Gross Motor Development

8

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• Birth to Two Years
• Sources of Variation
• Two to Six Years
• Speed
• Coordination
• Gross Motor Development
• Fine Motor Development

9
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Fine Motor Skills
10

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• Birth to Two Years
• Sources of Variation
• Two to Six Years
• Seven to Eleven Years
• 1. Motor Skills
• 2. Reaction Time

11
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN Neural Development and
Plasticity
Brain Growth Spurt Period between the seventh
prenatal month and 2 years of age when more than
half of the childs eventual brain weight is
added.
Brain Growth Spurt Begins Here
12
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN Neural Development and
Plasticity Some Basic Definitions
Synapse the connective space (juncture) between
one nerve cell (neuron) and another.
13
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN Neural Development and
Plasticity Some Basic Definitions
Synapse the connective space (juncture) between
one nerve cell (neuron) and another. Neurons
nerve cells that receive and transmit neural
impulses
14
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN Neural Development and
Plasticity Some Basic Definitions
Synapse the connective space (juncture) between
one nerve cell (neuron) and another. Neurons
nerve cells that receive and transmit neural
impulses Glia nerve cells that nourish neurons
and encase them in insulating sheaths of myelin.
15
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN Neural Development and
Plasticity Some Basic Definitions Contd
Synaptogenesis formation of connections
(synapses) among neurons. Plasticity capacity
for change a developmental state that has the
potential to be shaped by experience.
16
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN Neural Development and
Plasticity Some Basic Definitions Contd
Synaptic pruning surviving neurons that are
stimulated less often lose their synapses.
17

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• About Brain Development
• Brain Stem and Midbrain most mature at birth
• - consciousness -
  reflexes
  - respiration
  - digestion
  - elimination

18

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• About Brain Development
• Surrounding Midbrain are the Cerebrum Cerebral
  Cortex
• - movement - perception
  - learning
  - language -
  thinking
  

19
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Earliest Maturing areas of the cerebrum are the
Primary Motor Sensory Areas
Darker, dot-like areas mature first, then the
lined areas, and finally the clear areas develop
in adolescence
20
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
21
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Neural Development
Plasticity

• Lateralization
• Evident from birth
• Increases with age
• Get better with age at integrating functions of
  each hemisphere
• Dyslexia

22

• ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
• Nutrition
• Problems of Under nutrition
• Catch-up growth
• Marasmus (insufficient protein calories)
• Kwashiorkor (insufficient protein, but
  sufficient calories)
• Vitamin mineral deficiencies
• Iron deficiency anemia

23

• ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
• Nutrition
• Problems of OVER nutrition
• Obesity
• Diabetes, high blood pressure, heart, liver
  kidney disease
• Social impact

24

• ENVIROMENTAL INFLUENCES
• Nutrition
• Illnesses
• Emotional Stress/Lack of Affection
• Nonorganic failure to thrive
• Deprivation dwarfism

25
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Puberty Adolescent Growth
Spurt the rapid increase in physical growth
that marks the beginning of adolescence. Puberty
the point at which a person reaches sexual
maturity and is physically capable of fathering
or conceiving a child.
26
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Puberty the point at
which a person reaches sexual maturity and is
physically capable of fathering or conceiving a
child. Also refers to the physical changes
that occur as child passes from child to adult.
27

• CHANGES IN PUBERTY
• Rapid growth/Weight Gain
• Further development of gonads
• Secondary sexual characteristics
• Changes in muscle/fat compositions
• Changes in circulatory respiratory systems

28

• WHAT CAUSES PUBERTY?
• All of these changes triggered by hormones
• No new hormones produced at puberty
• Increase of hormones
• Testosterone
• Estrogen
• Growth Hormone

29
Hormonal Influences on Development

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands

Thyroid
Testes
Ovaries
Growth Hormone




Androgen
Testosterone
Estrogen
Thyroxine
Male reprod. organs before birth Maturation of
male organs Voice,facial body hair, muscle
dev., bone growth, broad shoulders
General growth of body tissues Adolescent growth
spurt
Female reprod. Organs Breasts, hips Body hair
Early brain growth Bone growth
Muscular growth Bone growth
30
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Puberty
Girls
Boys
31
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
32

• SEXUAL MATURATION
• GIRLS
• Begins about age 11 (breasts)
• Menstruation about age 13
• Fertility (at or after menstruation)

33

• SEXUAL MATURATION
• BOYS
• Begins about age 11 or 12 (testes enlarge)
• Fertility about age 14.5 or 15
• VARIATIONS IN TIMING OF PUBERTY (BOYS GIRLS)
• Heredity (identical twins similar timing)
• Environment

34

• SEXUAL MATURATION
• Psychosocial Influences of Puberty
• Boys that mature earlier
• Girls that mature on-time

35

• SEXUAL MATURATION
• Teenage Pregnancy
• U.S. rates 1 million/year
• 50 miscarriage or abortion
• 2 million babies next 4 years
• 2X higher in U.S.

36

• SEXUAL MATURATION
• Teenage Pregnancy
• CONSEQUENCES for Mom
• Loss of education
• Loss of social network
• Lower income
• Lifestyle changes

37

• SEXUAL MATURATION
• Teenage Pregnancy
• CONSEQUENCES for Baby
• Higher probability of
• Prematurity
• Drug exposure
• Poor nutrition
• Less sensitive/experienced mom
• Intellectual deficits
• Emotional disturbances
• Economically disadvantaged