Prsentation PowerPoint

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MOZAIC Measurement of Ozone, Water Vapor, Carbon
Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide by Airbus In-Service
Aircraft

• Why ? To contribute to the assessment of climate
  change and of the impact of
  aircraft
• Ozone and water vapor in UT/LS key role in
  climate
• Large natural variability in space and time
• Comprehensive, continuous observations needed
• (IPCC,
  2001 highest priority)
• Passenger aircraft are a very powerful observing
  platform

Aims ? Long Term Observations of the
Atmospheric Composition ? Atmospheric
Transport and Chemical Processes ? Budgets of
Ozone and Water Vapor in the UT/LS ? Aircraft
Impact
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MOZAIC Why do we measure O3, H2O, CO, NOy ?

• Ozone GHG, recent tropospheric trends not
  understood, tropospheric budget complex
  (transport, photochemistry), few measurements on
  routine basis
• Water Vapour single most important GHG, engine
  of atmospheric dynamics, cloud processes
  (contrail formation)
• Carbon Monoxide tracer of anthropogenic
  precursors of ozone from the polluted PBL into
  the UT/LS (lifetime of a few months,
  insolubility)
• Nitrogen Oxides chemical balance of
  tropospheric ozone, O3 stratospheric flux

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MOZAIC Consortium
Forschunszentrum Jülich
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MOZAIC - INSTRUMENTATION
PITOT TUBES ON THE AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE
INSTRUMENTATION BELOW THE COCKPIT O3/CO/H2O/NOy/
DAS
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MOZAIC I, II III (1994-2002)
Flight routes Inter-continental High density
of measurements

• 1994-2002 19000 flights with O3/H2O
• 2001-2002 500 flights with additional CO
• 530 flights with
  additional NOy
• 200 flights with
  additional CO/NOy

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MOZAIC Ice Super Saturation in Upper Troposphere

• 15-30 of the UT is ice super saturated
  (ISS)
• Small scale phenomena (?X lt 200 km ?Z lt 2
  km)

• Strong correlation of ISS with sub-visible
  cirrus clouds
• Important for contrail formation and
  persistence

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MOZAIC Relative Humidity in UT over North
Atlantic Comparison with ECMWF
ECMWF-MOZAIC

• MOZAIC provided the first climatology of UTH
• UT is much wetter than assumed before MOZAIC
• ECMWF does not reproduce ice super saturation

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MOZAIC watches the UTLS region
Across the tropopause
Troposphere June-July
Ozone seasonal cycle (for 6 regions from Europe
to USA)

• Change in the phase of the O3 seasonal cycle
  across the tropopause
• Upper boundary condition for studies of
  tropospheric O3 budget
• Inter-annual variability

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MOZAIC Seasonal Cycle Ozone in UT in (30-60)oN
Zonal Belt

• Pronounced seasonal cycle in UT SummerWinter
  30-40 ppbv
• No significant longitudinal gradients
• Average increase of 2 /year trend or
  variability?

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MOZAIC Ozone Budget in UT in (30-60)oN Zonal Belt
Seasonal cycle UT in phase with LT strong
decrease in fall

• Ozone budget in UT dominated by transport ?
• Winter and spring transport from stratosphere
• Summer and fall exchange with LT
• Is the summer maximum in the UT due to
  photochemistry in the LT ?

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MOZAIC Distribution of NOY in UT (8-12 km) in
2001
Enhanced NOy over the east coast of North
America Influence of vertical transport from
boundary layer
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O3-CO relation with flights from Europe to USA
Color code ? (K)

• Large Seasonal Variation mixing and
  photchemistry more important in summer
• Relative importance of exchanges between main
  reservoirs ?
• Gives additional constraints to improve O3
  budget analysis from obs. models

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Tropospheric Layers

• MOZAIC discovery and statistical description
• Ubiquity of the phenomenon (Newell et
  al., Nature 1999)
• 20 of the troposphere stratified
  (Thouret et al., JGR, 2000)
• Impact on weather forecasting and on
  chemistry/radiative processes

Stratospheric Intrusion
Newells presentation tomorrow
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MOZAIC - Modelling
Global models are the tools used to quantify
aircraft impact, UTLS ozone budget, climate
change and to provide answers to policy makers
and industry
MOZAIC data has made very significant
contribution to evaluation and improvement of
models used in European and international
assessments (e.g. IPCC, EC, WMO/UNEP)

Column O3 change 2100-2000 predicted by
different models IPCC models evaluated
using MOZAIC data From IPCC Gauss et al.
(2002)

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Model Evaluation Improvement
Improved global chemistry-transport models from
evaluation with MOZAIC data (EU projects, e.g.
TRADEOFF, TOPOZ, RETRO, SCENIC)
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Global Oxidising Capacity OH concentration
OH radicals control the lifetimes of many key
greenhouse gases (CH4, O3, HCFCs)
MOZAIC data used to validate modelled
photochemical production of OH in the troposphere
? direct contribution to improved knowledge
relating to the Kyoto Protocol
model overestimates OH production (from O3 x H2O)
by more than 100
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Quantification of Aircraft Impact and Ozone
Budget
Within TRADEOFF and MOZAIC models have assessed
the impact of aircraft NOx emissions on O3
levels gt 6 - 8 zonal mean increase in O3 (UT)
gt narrower range of uncertainty compared to IPCC
(1999)
TOMCAT model is used to quantify the
contributions from different sources (surface
pollution, lightning, aircraft, stratosphere) to
the NOy and O3 budgets in the UT.
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MOZAIC Summary
What have we achieved up to now ?

• Scientific data base used by a large community
  of scientists ( gt 50
  co-investigators, ...) and 50 publications so
  far
• Important contribution to report on climate
  change (IPCC, SPARC)
• New estimates concerning impact of aircraft (
  other EC programs)
• New knowledge about the tropospheric ozone
  budget, dynamical processes and water vapour
  distribution in the UT
• Significant inter-annual variability observed
  (a sign of continuing trends?)
• Report produced for aircraft manufacturers
  airlines
• Feedback for aircraft manufacturers airlines

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MOZAIC-Future Integrated Observational Research
Network
Why MOZAIC is important for the future

• MOZAIC provides
• - high resolution data of key climate
  constituents in the UTLS
• detailed vertical profiles over many cities
  world-wide
• very regular flights along some routes, at least
  once per day
• MOZAIC is complementary to satellites (global
  coverage but less quantitative plus problems with
  clouds etc.) and ground based observations
• MOZAIC is very cost effective (about 0.5 ME per
  year)
• Europe is the leader in commercial aircraft
  programmes
• Other countries are interested, e.g., Canada,
  China, ...

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