ENVE4003

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ENVE4003

• EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION
• Measurement and reporting

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Air Pollution Measurement

• Source vs Ambient
• Representative samples
• Grab sample
• Continuous sample (1, 8, 14 hr, annual averages
• Special Analyzers
• Isokinetic sampling (PM10, PM 2.5)

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Figure 4.1 de Nevers

• Components of ambient or source sampling devices

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Figure 4.5 de Nevers

• EPA Method 6 Sampling train

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Figure 4.3 de Nevers

• Measurements in a sampling duct

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Figure 4.6 de Nevers

• Isokinetic sampling

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Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM)

• Extractive systems sample is extracted from the
  source
• Source-level brought to analyzer at source
  strength
• Dilution diluted with clean gas for transfer to
  analyzer
• In-situ systems
• Point measure concentration at one location
• Path determine average concentration over a
  path length
• Single-pass
• Double-pass
• Remote Sensors
• Active project light through the stack plume
• Passive sense radiation from the plume

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Figure 1.1 Jahnke

• CEM system components

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ACID DEW POINT

• Cooling of humid gases (e.g. humid air) leads to
  condensation of H2O
• The presence of SO2 in flue gases results in
  condensation to occur at higher temperature and
  in acidic (H2SO4) form (de Nevers Fig. 7.6 (7.12)
• This requires sampling lines to be heated to
  avoid condensation

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Particulate matter issues

• The PM in stack gas is a constant headache for
  drawing continuous samples for analysis.
• The PM typically needs to be removed before gas
  can be analyzed by dedicated analyzers.
• Innovative designs are required to avoid frequent
  plugging of the systems.

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Figure 3.4 Jahnke

• Probe filters

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Figure 3.6 Jahnke

• The inertial filter

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Figure 3.11Jahnke

• Diaphragm pump

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Figure 3.12 Jahnke

• Ejector pump, or eductor

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Figure 3.13 Jahnke

• An externally mounted ejector pump

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Figure 3.16 Jahnke

• The dilution probe

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NPRINational Pollutant Release Inventory

• Established in 1992 and legislated under the
  Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA
  1999), the NPRI requires companies to report
  information on releases and transfers of
  pollutants to the Government of Canada on an
  annual basis. Environment Canada makes the
  information available to Canadians in an annual
  public report, and maintains a detailed inventory
  that can be accessed and searched through an
  on-line database.

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NPRI

• The National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)
  is the only legislated, nation-wide,
  publicly-accessible inventory of its type in
  Canada. It is a database of information on annual
  releases to air, water, land and disposal or
  recycling from all sectors - industrial,
  government, commercial and others.

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Figure 4.2 de Nevers

• Location of air samplers in urban environment

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Air Monitoring Station
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Air Monitoring Instrumentation
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NAPSNational Air Pollution Surveillance Network

• Air quality data for sulphur dioxide (SO2),
  carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
  ozone (O3) and total suspended particulates (TSP)
  are measured at over 152 stations in 55 cities in
  the ten provinces and two territories.
• Various statistics derived from the measurements
  and comparisons with the National Air Quality
  Objectives prescribed under the Canadian
  Environmental Protection Act are published in
  annual data reports.

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Air Quality Index - Ontario

• The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an indicator of
  air quality, based on hourly pollutant
  measurements of some or all of the six most
  common air pollutants sulphur dioxide, ozone,
  nitrogen dioxide, total reduced sulphur
  compounds, carbon monoxide and fine particulate
  matter.
• Several state-of-the-art air monitoring stations,
  operated by MOE across the province, form the Air
  Quality Index (AQI) network.

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AQI (continued)

• The ministry takes real-time air quality data
  from its AQI monitoring sites to produce AQI
  readings for each location. AQI readings are
  reported to the public and news media at set
  intervals each day.
• At the end of each hour, the concentration of
  each pollutant that the AQI station monitors is
  converted into a number ranging from zero
  upwards, using a common scale, or index. The
  pollutant with the highest number at a given hour
  becomes the AQI reading. As the air quality
  changes, the AQI reading increases or decreases.
  The lower the AQI reading, the cleaner the air.

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AQI (continued)

• If the air quality value is below 32, the air
  quality is considered relatively good.
• If the AQI value is in the range of 32 to 49
  (moderate category), there may be some adverse
  effects on very sensitive people.
• An index value in the 50 to 99 range (poor
  category), may have some short-term adverse
  effects on the human or animal populations, or
  may cause significant damage to vegetation and
  property.
• An AQI value of 100 or more (very poor category)
  may cause adverse effects on a large proportion
  of those exposed.