Hybrid Electric Vehicles on the Road and R

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles on the Road and RDof
HDVs
2006.3.31 BIMS TS Moving to Sustainable Mobility

• Masahiko Hori
• JARI

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Contents

• Background
• Progress of HEVs for Passenger Cars
• RD of Heavy Duty HEVs
• Summary
• Advanced Fuels
• Traffic Control

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World Car Production
4
Side Effect by Motorization
Safety
Global Warming
Energy
Air Pollution
5
Prospect of Motor Vehicles in Future
Developing Countries
Air Pollution Global Warming
Developed Countries
6
Trend of Environment and Energy
Energy
Global Warming
CO
2
Air Pollution
CO, HC, NOx, PM URE
1990
2000
2010
2020
Year
URE Un Regulated Emission
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Ultimate Recoverable Reserves
Total 280 years
SourcePAJ
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CO2 Reduction Target in Japanese Transportation
Sector
CO2 Reduction Target by Transport Sector
BAU
45.3 Mil. ton
CO2 Emission by each Sector
Fuel Economy Improvement 16.5 Traffic Measures
14.1 Goods Distribution
9.1 Low Emission Vehicle 2.2
Commercial Vehicle 1.9 Aircraft,
Rail 1.5
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Air Pollution Improvement Strategy
Air Pollution
Monitoring
Regulation
Inspection Maintenance
Traffic Flow
EU USA JPN etc
International Harmonization
Domestic measures
Vehicle Technology
Fuel Specification
Clean Air
Lead, Sulfur
Free
Lower
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Technology of Conventional Vehicles
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Emission Regulation for Passenger Cars
Source PEC
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Future Spark Ignition Engine
CO Intake gt HC gt Exhaust lt NOx lt
IssueCO2
Polluted Air
Clean Exhaust
Catalyst
Clean Energy
Engine Control
TWC, NSR(LNT) HC Trap
DI, LB, A/F Control
Sulfur Free
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Emission Regulation for HDE
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Future Compression Ignition Engine
NOx ,PM 90Reduction
Good Fuel Economy Low CO2
Smoke NOx Smell Noise
CR,HCCI
After Treatment
Clean Fuel
Combustion Improvement
Sulfur Free, GTL,DME,BDF
High Thermal Efficiency
DPF,SCR,LNT
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Trade off between CO2 and Emission
Local Environment
Diesel

Goal
Gasoline
HEV FC?
Energy Global Environment
CO2, Fuel Consumption
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Advanced VehiclesHEV
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Average Speed vs Fuel Consumption and Emission
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Congestion vs Economy, Environment and Energy
Average speed down from 40 to10 km/h affects on
3E
5.3 billion hours loss / Year 42 hours/ person
2.5 times deteriorate in FC
12 trillion \ loss / Year 100 thousand yen /
person
2 times affects on environment
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Deterioration of Fuel Consumption
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Type of HEVs 1
Series Hybrid Electric
ICE
charger optional
GE
BAT
EM
TR
Series Hybrid System
wheels
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Type of HEVs 2
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Type of HEVs 3
Series Parallel Hybrid
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Optimization of Engine Operating Conditions
Efficiency Map of an Internal Combustion Engine
A surplus output is accumulated.
Unit

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Engine Torque
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Optimized Operation Area of HEV
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20
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Usual Operation Area of CV
Engine Speed
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Efficiency of HEVs
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Advantage of HEVs

• Optimum Engine Operation for Fuel Consumption and
  Exhaust Emission
• Energy Recovery during Deceleration
• Confirmed Reliability of Main Components
• No Special Infrastructure
• High Flexibility
• Heavy Weight and High Cost

Disadvantage of HEVs
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HEVs on the Market
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Hybrid Electric Vehicle Holdings in the World

• 2002 statistics of Japan are as of March 31,
  2002.
• 2003 statistics of Japan are an estimate as of
  December 2003.
• Figures of the U.S.A. and Europe are as of
  December of each year.

(Source JARI, AVERE, EDTA)
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Number of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on the Road in
Japan
(unit)
Number of vehicles on the roads as of March 31 of
each year.
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Series/Parallel Hybrid Toyota Prius(HEVs)
Source Toyota
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4-Wheel Drive for the Hybrid Vehicle
Rear electric motor
Front unit
http//www.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/ths2/
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Parallel HEV Honda Civic
(A,B)
(A) Acceleration (engine motor assist) (B)
Cruising (engine only) (C) Deceleration
(cylinder idle mode
/IMA battery charging) (D) At rest
(idle stop)
(A)
(C)
http//world.honda.com/CIVICHYBRID/Technology/NewH
ondaIMASystem/PowerUnit/index_1.html
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A Mild HV for Economical Driving
http//www.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/ths2/
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Parallel HEV Hino HIMR
http//www.hino.co.jp/e/tech/index.html
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Capacitor Hybrid Nissan Diesel
http//www.nissandiesel.co.jp/low-env/system.htm
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Development of Heavy Duty HEVs Contracted from
METINEDOSupported by Hino Motors Isuzu
Motors Mitsubishi Fuso TB and Nissan Diesel
MotorConducted by JARI
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Potential of HEV
Emission Reduction
Energy Saving
Energy Recovery Small engine
Engine Load Reduction Optimum Engine Operation
HEV
Alternative Fuel
CO2 Reduction
HEV has high potential as an environmentally
sustainable transport
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Target of the Project

• Fuel Alternative Clean Energy
• Natural Gas, DME
• Energy Consumption or CO2
• Less than a Half of Conventional Vehicles by M15
  city driving cycle
• Emissions
• Satisfy the Guide-line for ULEV Level by J-MOE

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CO2 Emission of Fuels
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Driving and Braking Energy during Transient Cycle
M15
Driving Wheel Output of a HD-HEV in the M15 mode
60 of driving energy losses at the braking.
The regeneration of braking energy is very
effective to improve energy consumption.
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Hybrid Systems Proposed
ltHybrid Typegt - Series - 4WD
Series/Parallel - Indirect
Series/Parallel ? Efficient Regeneration ?
Optimized Engine Operation ltEnergy Storage
Systemgt - Capacitor - Li-ion
Battery ? High Charging/Discharging Efficiency
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Series Hybrid TruckT1 CNG Ceramics Engine
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Series / Parallel Hybrid TruckT2 CNG Engine 4WD
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Series Hybrid BusB1CNG Miller Cycle Engine
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Indirect Series Parallel Hybrid Bus B2 DME
Engine
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Specifications of the HEVs Developed
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Efficiency of the Energy Storage Systems
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Developed Vehicles
T1 Series Hybrid Truck
T2 Series/Parallel Hybrid Truck
B1 Series Hybrid Bus
B2 Series/Parallel Hybrid Bus
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Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission of the HEVs
Energy Consumption
CO2 Emission
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Exhaust Emissions of the ACEVs
T1 T2 B1 B2
T1 T2 B1 B2
Note DME engine of the ACE-B2 satisfied the ULEV
NOx level at the conventional D13 mode engine
test.
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Summary

• HEV has high potential to reduce air pollution in
  the city and global warming.
• HEV has a potential as an intelligent vehicle for
  the environment.
• HEV is adequate for Asian countries with heavy
  congestion.
• Weight and cost reduction is the challenge in
  near future.

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Fuel Reformation and Alternative Fuels

• Lead Free Gasoline
• Sulfur Free Fuels
• Reformatted Fuels
• Synthetic Fuels
• Renewable Fuels
• Non Conventional Oil
• Natural Energy

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Advanced Clean Energy

• CNG (Natural Gas)
• Synthetic Fuel (Natural Gas, Coal, Biomass)
• FT(GTL, CTL, BTL), DME, Methanol
• Cellulose Ethanol (Biomass)
• FAME (Vegetable Oils, Tallow)
• Hydrogen (Water, Methanol, Naphtha, Others )
• Battery-Electric

FT Fischer Tropsh GTL Gas To Liquid CTL Coal
To Liquid BTL Biomass To Liquid DME Di- Methyl
Ether FAME Fatty acid methyl ester
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WTW Evaluation of Fuels
http//www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/273.pdf
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Vehicle and Fuel Scenario
FC / ICE
FC Fuel Cell ICE Internal combustion
Engine GTL Gas To Liquid
Hydrogen ?
Natural Gas Coal Biomass
Clean and Renewable Fuel
Biomass
Bridge Fuel
GTL/BTL
Fuel Reformation
HEV Asian Vehicle
Tomorrow
Today
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Traffic Control

• ITSIntelligent Transport Systems
• TDMTraffic Demand Management

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Average Speed vs FC and Emission
NOx Index
FC Index
Speed (km/h)
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Travel Speed in Tokyo
Suburb Down Town Tokyo Japan
Mean Travel Velocity (km/h)
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Passage Vehicle causes Congestion
Passage Vehicle
Use in city
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Road Pricing for Environment Improvement
ITS Hand Book
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For Sustainable Motorization
Gasoline
Hydrogen
Electricity
Development
Energy Diversity
HEV, FCV
Substantial Motorization
Balance
Public Transport
Non Motorized Transport
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Thank you for your attention Masahiko HoriJARI