Computer Architecture History of Computing

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Computer ArchitectureHistory of Computing
Lynn Choi Dept. of Computer and Electronics Engin
eering
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History of Computing

• Abacus appeared around 2400 BC
• Developed in Babylonia
• Imported to China and improved substantially
  around 1200s BC
  
• Modern abacus is an improved variety from Japan
  after the World War II
  
• Pascals Arithmetic Machine (Pascaline)
• French mathematician, physicist, theologian,
  philosopher
  
• The first mechanical calculator
• Developed in 1642 (only at 19 years old)
• only add/subtract
• 10 toothed wheels
• Leibnizs Calculator
• Developed in 1673 based on Pascals machine
• Can do add/subtract/multiply/divide

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History of Computing

• Analytic Engine
• The first autonomic computing machine
• Designed by Charles Babbage in 1833
• Like todays computer, it has central processing
  unit, memory storage, software instructions,
  punch card inputs, and printed outputs
  
• 50 decimal digit calculations
• Memory of 1000 digits
• Operated by steam power
• Some people refer Babbage the Father of
  Computing
  
• Ada the first programmer using the Analytic
  Engine
  
• Subroutines, loops, conditional jumps

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History of Computing

• Turing Machine
• A mathematical computing model proposed by Alan
  M. Turing in 1936
  
• Abstract symbol manipulating device that can
  simulate the logic of any computer
  
• Theoretical background to modern computers
• ACM Turing Award the Novel prize in Computer
  Science
  
• Contribute to the following concepts
• Provide theoretical background to modern
  general-purpose computers
  
• Stored program concept
• High-level programming language concept
• Recursive function concept
• Use of binary codes
• Consists of infinite linear tape, read/write
  head, control unit
  
• TM(si, dj, dk, R or L or N, sl)
• Mapping table gives state transition functions,
  i.e. given a state and a symbol, erase
  symbol/rewrite symbol, move R/W head to left or
  right, and go to a new state

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ENIAC

• ENIAC
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
  Computer)
  
• 1st general-purpose electronic computer
• Designed by John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert
  at Upenn
  
• Funded by US BRL (Ballistic Research Lab) to
  develop range and trajectory tables for new
  weapons
  
• Until then, BRL employee more than 200 people
  with desktop calculators to solve the necessary
  ballistics equations
  
• The proposal accepted in 1943, the machine
  completed in 1946, and dismantled in 1955
  
• Used for H-bomb research
• Characteristics
• 30 tons, 15000 square feet, 18000 vacuum tubes,
  140 KW power dissipation
  
• Decimal machine
• 20 accumulators each holding 10-digit decimal
  number
  
• Each digit is represented by a ring of 10 vacuum
  tubes
  
• Manually programmed by setting switches and
  plugging/unplugging cables
  
• 5,000 additions per second

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ENIAC
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The Von Neumann Machine - IAS

• IAS
• By von Neumann at the Princeton Institute for
  Advanced Studies
  
• Von Neumann was a consultant on the ENIAC
  project
  
• Stored program concept
• The ability to store its instructions in its
  internal memory and process them in its
  arithmetic unit, so that in the course of a
  computation they may be not just executed but
  also modified at electronic speeds
• Included in the proposal for EDVAC in 1945
• Started in 1946 and completed in 1952
• All modern computer systems are called Von
  Neumann machines
  
• The same structure and the same functions
• Processor, memory, inputs, and outputs
• Stored program concept, PC, MAR
• 1000 x 40 bit words
• Binary number
• 2 x 20 bit instructions

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The Von Neumann Machine IAS
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Staff of IAS Computer Project
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Von Neumann - Biography
Born 28 December 1903, Budapest, Hungary Died 8
February 1957, Washington DC Brilliant
mathematician, synthesizer, and promoter of the
stored program concept, whose logical design of
the IAS became the prototype of most of its
successors - the von Neumann Architecture.
Von Neumann was a child prodigy, born into a
banking family is Budapest, Hungary. When only
six years old he could divide eight-digit numbers
in his head. He received his early education in
Budapest, under the tutelage of M. Fekete, with
whom he published his first paper at the age of
18. Entering the University of Budapest in 1921,
he studied Chemistry, moving his base of studies
to both Berlin and Zurich before receiving his
diploma in 1925 in Chemical Engineering. He
returned to his first love of mathematics in
completing his doctoral degree in 1928. he
quickly gained a reputation in set theory,
algebra, and quantum mechanics. At a time of
political unrest in central Europe, he was
invited to visit Princeton University in 1930,
and when the Institute for Advanced Studies was
founded there in 1933, he was appointed to be one
of the original six Professors of Mathematics, a
position which he retained for the remainder of
his life. At the instigation and sponsorship of
Oskar Morganstern, von Neumann and Kurt Gödel
became US citizens in time for their clearance
for wartime work. There is an anecdote which
tells of Morganstern driving them to their
immigration interview, after having learned about
the US Constitution and the history of the
country. On the drive there Morganstern asked
them if they had any questions which he could
answer. Gödel replied that he had no questions
but he had found some logical inconsistencies in
the Constitution that he wanted to ask the
Immigration officers about. Morganstern strongly
recommended that he not ask questions, just
answer them! During 1936 through 1938 Alan Turin
g was a graduate student in the Department of
Mathematics at Princeton and did his dissertation
under Alonzo Church. Von Neumann invited Turing
to stay on at the Institute as his assistant but
he preferred to return to Cambridge a year later
Turing was involved in war work at Bletchley
Park. This visit occurred shortly after Turing's
publication of his 1934 paper "On Computable
Numbers with an Application to the
Entscheidungs-problem" which involved the
concepts of logical design and the universal
machine. It must be concluded that von Neumann
knew of Turing's ideas, though whether he applied
them to the design of the IAS Machine ten years
later is questionable. 5

• http//ei.cs.vt.edu/history /VonNeumann.html

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Structure of IAS Computer
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Structure of IAS Computer
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IAS Instruction Set

• 21 Instructions
• Data transfer move data between memory and ALU
  registers
  
• Arithmetic , -, , /, left shift, right shift
• Branch unconditional jump, conditional jump
• Address modify (self-modifying code) Permit
  addresses to be computed in the ALU and then
  inserted into instructions stored in memory.
  
• Registers
• Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
• Hold the word fetched or to be stored in memory
• Memory Address Register (MAR)
• Hold the address of memory to be read or written
• Instruction Register (IR)
• Hold the 8-bit opcode
• Instruction Buffer Register (IBR)
• Hold the right hand instruction from a word in
  memory
  
• Program Counter (PC)
• Hold the address of the next instruction-pair to
  be fetched

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Commercial Computers in 1950s

• Sperry-Rand Corporation
• Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation was founded
  in 1947
  
• Merged with Sperry-Rand Corporation
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) I
• Used for (population) census in 1950
• UNIVAC II
• Higher performance, larger memory, upward
  compatibility
  
• Provides backward compatibility from UNIVAC and
  secure customer base
  
• IBM
• Start as an equipment company for punch card
• IBM 701, 1953
• The first commercial stored program computer
• Used for scientific application
• IBM 702, 1955
• Business applications

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Computer Generations

• 1st generation computers
• Vacuum tube, 1946-1957, 40K operations/sec
• 2nd generation computers
• Transistor, 1958-1964, 200 K operations/sec
• 3rd generation computers
• SSI, MSI, 1965-1971, 1 M operations/sec
• 4th generation computers
• LSI, 1972-1977, 10 M operations/sec
• 5th generation computers
• VLSI, 1978 to date, 100 M operations/sec

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The 2nd Generation Computers

• Transistors invented
• Replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller, cheaper, less heat dissipation
• Invented by William Shockley et al. in 1947 at
  Bell Labs
  
• IBM 7094 (7000 series) 1962
• Data channel
• Independent IO Processor
• IOP has its own instruction set
• IOP independently processes input and output once
  initiated by CPU
  
• PDP-1 - 1957
• DEC was founded in 1957
• Begins minicomputer era

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The 3rd Generation Computers

• IC (Integrated Circuit) semiconductors Moores
  law Intels co-founder
  
• The number of transistors that could be put on a
  single chip is doubled every 18 months., 1965
  
• Memory capacity quadruples every 3 year
• The number of transistors and the performance of
  a microprocessor is quadrupled every 3 year
  
• IBM System/360, 1964
• Incompatible with 700/7000 series, but great
  success
  
• Family of models (model 30, 40, 50, 65, 75)
• The same instruction set, same OS
• Increasing speed, IO ports, memory size
• DEC PDP-8, 1964
• 16,000, small enough to put on a lab bench
• 50,000 units sold

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Growth in CPU transistor count
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The 4th and 5th Generation Computers

• Semiconductor memory
• Replaces magnetic core memory
• Non-destructive, much faster than core
• 1970, Developed by Fairchild, 256 bits of memory
• Since 1974, cost per bit dropped lower than core
  memory
  
• 12 generations - 256, 1K, 4K, 16K, 64K, 256K, 1M,
  4M, 16M, 64M, 256M, 1G
  
• Microprocessor
• 1971, Intel developed the first 4 bit
  microprocessor 4004
  
• 1972, 8008 (8-bit)
• 1974, 8080 (the first general-purpose
  microprocessor)
  
• 1978, 8086 (16-bit)
• 1982, 80286 (20 bit address, 16MB memory)
• 1985, 80386 (32-bit)
• 1989, 80486 the first pipelined processor,
  integrated FPU
  
• 1993, Pentium (superscalar)
• 1995, Pentium Pro (OOO, branch prediction)
• 2000, Pentium 4 (superpipelining), Itanium
  (64-bit, VLIW)

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The 4th and 5th Generation Computers

• PC era begins
• 1976, Steve Jobs starts Apple Computer (8-bit)
• 1981, IBM developed 16 bit IBM PC
• Microsoft developed MS DOS
• 1984, Apple announces Macintosh
• 1992, Microsoft announces MS Windows 3.1
• 1994, Netscape announced

The first Apple Computer
Apple Mac
IBM PC
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RISC and Power PC

• 1975, IBM 801 minicomputer
• The first RISC processor
• RISC movement begins together with Berkeley RISC
  I processor project
  
• 1986, RT PC
• The first commercial product that applied the
  concept of IBM 801
  
• 1990, IBM RISC/6000
• Started IBM Power architecture
• Power PC
• Superscalar RISC processor developed jointly by
  IBM, Motorola, and Apple in 1991
  
• 1993 601
• 1994 603 (low-end), 604 (desktop)
• 1995 620 (64-bit processor for high-end
  servers)
  
• 1997 G3 (2-levels of on-chip cache)
• 1999 G4 (single-chip multiprocessors)
• 2003 G5
• 2004, Motorola exited chip manufacturing business
  and spin off Freescale
  
• 2004, IBM starts to target the game industry for
  the market of their PowerPC processors such as
  Nintendo Wii, Sony Playstation III, and Microsoft
  Xbox 360
• 2005, Apple announced they will no longer use
  PowerPC processors for their PCs

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Power PC and Sony PlayStation III
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Microprocessor Performance Curve
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Homework I

• Read Chapter I
• Exercise 1.1 1.28
• Exercise 1.29 1.45
• Exercise 1.52
• Due date 3/12 (Wed)