General Slides for SOC120 Fall 2005 Week 8 edited 21706 5:30pm

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General Slides for SOC120Fall 2005Week 8
(edited 2/17/06 530pm)
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Thoughts for Critical ThinkersCredibility
Can You Rely On Social Security
What does a critical thinker think/do?
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Most People believe no!1994 survey found more
young people believing in UFOs then in the
possibility they would get anything back from
Social Security taxes

• The Government retirement fund most experts agree
  will become increasingly less able to meet the
  needs of the growing retirement population unless
  changes are made. What changes, just a little
  from each
• Remove ceiling (currently no SS tax above 87,000
  year) and set 1.5 rate for this income above
  87,000).
• Raise retirement age raise age of full benefits 1
  year from 65 to 68 (from current raise to 67 by
  2027)
• Cut Benefits by changing calculation of benefits
  from inflation wage inflation to price
  inflation
• Above assumes the Trust Fund wont be raided for
  other uses such as cutting taxes for the
  wealthywhich has been done
• Andrew Tobias Sunday August 31, 2003 Parade
  Magazine

Note Social Security was not designed as a
retirement program but as an insurance program
for those with little are no retirement,
disability, and survivor. It is pretty difficult
to live on Social Security alone I get 1500
month after 40 years. The idea was SS was for
an emergency those who had for some reason been
unable to create a retirement through work or
savings and for children disabled and those under
21 whose parents were disabled or died.
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What does a Critical Thinker do?Check the source

• Find out who is
• Andrew Tobias
• Do other sources agree with his statements
• Then make a decision

Using your web search skills evaluate the above
and make a decision
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Thoughts for Critical ThinkersThe Media has a
liberal biasCredibility
Reported in Lies and The Lying Liars Who Tell
Them by Al Fanken. He sites the source as Pew
Charitable Trusts Project for Excellence in
Journalism.
What does a critical thinker think/do?
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What does a Critical Thinker do?Check the source

• Find out who is
• Pew Charitable Trusts Project for Excellence in
  Journalism
• Determine if they did the study and found the
  data as reported
• Determine their credibility

Using your web search skills evaluate the above
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Thoughts for Critical Thinkers
..between 60 and 70 of American purchasing
decisions are made at the point of sale with a
very limited amount of information. Underhill,
Paco Why We Buy The Science of Shopping, 2002
What does a critical thinker think/do?
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CT Thoughts
Unless you have a lot of money to toss try the
following!

• Wait, sales are like busses there is always
  another one coming
• Ask yourself Do I really need this, can I buy
  a less expensive version that does everything I
  need?
• Check sources for information on reliability,
  functionality, prices, alternatives (Consumers
  Report, Kelly Blue Book, PC World, Car and
  Driver)
• Louderback, Jim But wait Thats not all! USA
  Weekend Nov 15-17 2002
• Your ideas?

If you dont need it, dont buy it!
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Thoughts for Critical Thinkers

• The flu vaccine shortage is being given to those
  At greatest risk for those whose life would be
  most endangered
• Children 6-23 months
• Anyone age 2-64 with potentially serious chronic
  condition
• Adults 65 and older
• Pregnant women
• Residents of long-term care facilities
• Health care givers
• Caregivers for children
• Dr. Isadore Rosenfield Parade Nov 7, 2004 p19
  Flu Update

Is this reasonable? What group should be first,
second?
What does a critical thinker think/do?
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What does a Critical Thinker do?Check the source

• Is this reasonable? What group should be first,
  second?
• No, not according to the Japanese model. They
  decided to vaccinate school kids when there was
  limited vaccineresults significant decrease in
  flu deaths by all categories. Why? School kids
  get the flu, are the most significant
  distributors but dont have a high death rate
  from the flu since they are not in a high risk
  category. The Japanese model stopped the limited
  the distribution. Any k-6 teacher can verify
  this because of his/her experience.
• Recent Report looked at 20 years of data and
  found flu shots in US have not significantly
  decreased flu deaths of older people. (Archives
  of Internal Medicine 2/14/2005, Vol. 165 Issue
  3, p265, 8p )

Using your web search skills evaluate the
above Pos-http//www.canoe.ca/Health0103/23_kids-a
p.html Neg-http//www.whale.to/vaccines/flu7.html
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Week 8-10 edit 2/17/056

• Groups C8 concepts web PP, Review C7 problems
  independentdependent p229, deduction/induction
  p238, eval argument p251, Rev fallacies
  Slippery slope, Group think, Pity
• Credibility and miracles, horoscopes SlidesThe
  Amazing Randymovie Next week F05 Good luck/
  Horoscopes, etc. W6 S4,5 also John Edwards W7
  S9,10
• Critical Thinking slides Winner(W2 S2, S3),
  Study? (W2 S8,9), -- Ethics (W7 S2), Iraq and Al
  Queda Decision (W4 S8,9 _at_W7S12) Cooperate
  Responsibility? (W6 S9), Media Liberal Bias?
  (W8S5,S6), Purchasing decisions (W8S7,8), Flu
  vaccine(W8S9,10), SS (W8S2,3,4)
• Web Credibility Exercise
• Pt I Boolean (Search Basics),
• Pt II Credibility Criteria,
• Pt III Credibility Exercise
• Class project PT III
• Step 1Done
• Step 2---Continuing finished first day week 9
• Step 3---Group Debate Drafts combine/edit A04 TR
  Due first class Week 9 (Next Wed W05)
• Step 4---Oral Debates Last 2 days in quarter
• A04 due last day week 8 1 printed copy-send
  digital copy pro to con (Monday W05)
• A05 Start Week 9 Day1-Due last class day Week
  10, obtaining data, interrupt, conclusions
• Schedule for remainder of Quarter (W8S13)
• Chapter 10 Overview relevance for A05
• Chapter 11 Overview relevance to A05

Week 10, 11 after this
Note We do not cover Chapter 9 in this class
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Chapter 8 Study Guide F03

• 3 categorical operations
• universe of discourse,
• complementary class/term
• Conversion
• Obversion
• Contraposition
• ___________________
• Syllogisms Def/Ex (p281)
• Categorical Syllogisms
• Terms
• Relationship
• Venn diagram of syllogism
• validity test
• limits of validity test
• 3 Rules method validity test
• distribution (b p294)

• Categorical logic Def and Purpose
• 4 standard claims
• A, E, I, O and Affirm/Negative
• Venn Diagrams
• Translations
• Purpose
• Simple
• Past-Present
• Only
• The only
• Whenever, Wherever
• Claim about Individual
• Mass nouns
• Square of Opposition
• Contraries
• Subcontraries
• Determining Truth
• Limits

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Schedule W06
Schedule for remainder of quarter.

• Week 8 Last Day -- Pt II class project 5
  articles, --all individual articles with summary
  like A02. May be from any sources web,
  periodical, news, journals, etc. Printed from
  web, Xerox copies or actual articles with summary
  like A02 for each article.
• Week 8 Last Day --A04 due 2 copies,
• Week 8 Last Day -- Start Project Pt III class
  project
• Week 9 Day 1 Pt III first draft of group write up
  of pro and con for debate due
• Week 9 Start A05
• Week 10 Last Day --A05 due NO LATE PAPERS
• Week 10 (last day) -11--Debates

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Schedule F05-- Revise for F05
Schedule for remainder of quarter.

• Nov 4 TR, 8MW Pt II class project, all
  individual articles web, Xerox copies or actual
  articles and summary statements due.
• Nov 4TR, 8MW --A04 due 2 copies,
• Nov 9 TR, 10MWF--Pt III group write up of pro
  and con for debate due
• Nov 18TR, 17MW --A05 due
• Nov 18, 23TR, 17, 22MW Debate

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Chapter 9 Categorical Logic W06
A system of logic developed to clarify and
evaluate deductive arguments. The study of
categorical logic dates back to Aristotle. Based
on the relations of

• Inclusion
• Exclusion

• Relevance
• Understand car purchase, loans, etc.
• Understand contractual agreements for renting an
  apartment
• completing catalog requirements for a major, etc.
• Understanding instructions on medicine
• Etc.

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Standard Categorical Claims 06
subject noun or noun phrase. Example
Methodists (Class members)
predicate noun or noun phrase. Example
Christians (College Students)
_predicate_
subject
Error In 7th ed. Of Text

• A All _______ are _________(affirmative)
• E No________are__________(negative)
• I Some_______are__________(affirmative)
• O Some______are not _______(negative)

Only noun or noun phrases are allowed--Not All
fire trucks are red (adj)
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Venn Diagrams of 4 Standard Claims
Circles-classes/categories Shaded-empty
All Methodists are Christians
No Buddhists are Christians
Some Christians are Methodists
Some Christians are not Methodists
Blank-no mention X-some, at least one
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Translation of claims into standard form
equivalent claims06
Purpose is to translate an ordinary claim into an
equivalent standard form e.g Every A is a B
-- All As are Bs A Claim Minors
are not eligible -- No minors are eligible E
Claim

• Past to present There were. To Some p264
• Only Only adults are admitted to see
  Napoleon Dynamite
• All admitted to Napoleon
  Dynamite are adults
• The only The only people allowed to drink
  beer are over 21
• All people allowed to
  drink beer are over 21
• Whenever, wherever She makes friends wherever
  she goes
• All places she goes are
  places she makes friends
• Claims about an individual (object, occasion or
  place)
  Hitler was a psychopath
• All people identical
  with Hitler are psychopaths
• Mass nouns Daisy Dukes are too out of style to
  get one now
• All Daisy Dukes are too
  out of style to have now
• Etc, in an introduction it is not possible to
  cover all possibilities.

Introduces predicate of A
Introduces subject of A
A or E All
Treat as A are E claim
Treat as A claim
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The Square of Opposition Correspondence (same
S and P)
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Determining Truth Values for Corresponding
Claims 1
All Aluminum cans are recyclable
No Aluminum cans are recyclable
T
thus F
Known
Some Aluminum cans are not recyclable
Some Aluminum cans are recyclable
thus F
thus T
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Determining Truth Values for Corresponding
Claims 2
All Muslims are Christians
No Muslims are Christians
F
?
Known
Limits If T at top all known If F at bottom all
known If F at top or T at bottom only
contradictory known
Some Muslims are not Christians
Some Muslims are Christians
thus T
?
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Limits on determining Truth value

• If we have one truth value, it is often possible
  to determine other Truth values.
• True claim, top of square, we can determine all
  others
• If we know A is false all we can infer is
  corresponding O (not E or I)
• False claim at the bottom (I or O) we can infer
  other 3
• If false at top all can infer is value of
  contradictory

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Three Categorical Operations

• Conversion (E and I claims not A and O) switch S
  and P
• Obversion (A E, IO) horizontal change
  affirmative to negative (vis versa)and replace
  predicate with its complementary term
• Contraposition (A and O not E and I) switch S
  and P and replace both with complementary terms.

• Universe of discourse-context that limits scope
  of terms (everyone passes in class not world)
• Complementary class-everything in the universe
  not in first category (everyone not in the class,
  simplest to put non in front of class p273)
• complementary term-the names of complementary
  classes (students vs non students (p273))

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Obversion Claims 3
No Aluminum cans are (recyclable) No Aluminum
cans are non-(recyclable)
All aluminum cans are (recyclable) All Aluminum
cans are non-(recyclable)
T
thus F
Known
Some Aluminum cans are (not recyclable) Some
Aluminum cans are not non-recyclable
Some Aluminum cans are (recyclable) Some Aluminum
cans are not-(not recyclable)
thus F
thus T
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Two Syllogisms
Two common Nature vs Nurture arguments

• All animals have X
• Man has X
• Therefore man is an animal
• Man is an animal
• Animals have Y
• Therefore man has Y

Conclusion used as Premise for another argument
We would have to convert these to standard form
for analysis
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Categorical Syllogisms

• Standard form, two premise deductive argument,
  whose every claim is a standard form categorical
  claim in which three terms occur exactly twice in
  exactly two of the claims
• Example
• All CSUB students are college students
• Some college students are not dorm
  residents
• Therefore some CSUB students are
  not dorm residents
• Terms
• P Major (predicate of conclusion) --
  dorm residents
• S Minor (subject of conclusion) -- CSUB
  students
• M Middle (both premises but not in
  conclusion) -- college students

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Relationship of Terms
Consumers (Collectivists)
Americans (Socialists)
Democrats (Republicans)
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Venn Diagram Validity Test-0
No Republicans are collectivists All socialists
are collectivists Therefore, no socialists are
Republicans
Minor
Major
Middle
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Venn Diagram Validity Test-1
Minor
Major
Middle
No Republicans are Collectivists
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Venn Diagram Validity Test-2
Minor
Major
Since result (green) is an overlap of shaded
area, thus empty, we have a correct diagram of
the conclusion, a valid syllogism No Rs are
collectivists
Middle
All Socialists are Collectivists
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Venn Diagram test of Validity

• (1) Some syllogisms are problematic
• -I or O as one premise, where to place the X
• If one premise A or E and other premise is I or
  O diagram A or E first (p287) and there is no
  longer a choice of where to place the X
• (2) Some syllogisms still have a problem-an X
  could go either of two places. Place the X on the
  line
• If the the X falls entirely within the
  appropriate area the argument is valid. If the X
  fails to entirely fall within the area the
  argument is invalid (p289)
• (3) When both premises of a syllogism are A or E
  (shading) and the conclusion is an I or O (an X),
  a diagram cannot possibly yield a diagram of the
  conclusion
• If any area has only one area unshaded place the
  X there and then the conclusion can possibly be
  readvalid, if not the conclusion is invalid

(p286)
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Rules Method for Test of Validity p294

• (1) Negative claims premises negative
  claims conclusion
• (2) One premise must distribute the middle term
• (3) Any term distributed in conclusion must be
  distributed in premise

Distributed see next slide
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Distributed claim says something about every
member of class. Memorize this to apply rules
method.
Error in 7th ed Text on this change box on page
294 7th edition

• A-claim all S are P
• E-claim No S are P
• I- claim Some S are P
• O-claim Some S are not P

The circled terms are distributed
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Quiz Chapt 9From Chapter quiz (quiz file link on
class schedule)
(a) Man is an animal (b) Animals have Y (c)
Therefore man has Y

• (1) Display the first claim (a) in a square of
  opposition
• (2) Translate, if necessary, and Create a Venn
  diagram test of this syllogism
• (3) State the rules for tests of validity and
  apply the rules to test the validity of this
  syllogism if possible. state why not possible
  if this is the case

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Determining Truth Values for Corresponding Claims
2
All Men are Animals
No Men are Animals
T
F
Known
Limits If one T at top all known If one F at
bottom all known If both F at top or T at bottom
only contradictory known
Some Men are not Animals
Some Men are Animals
thus F
T
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Venn Diagram Validity Test-2
Minor
Major
Middle
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Thoughts for Critical Thinkers
..PAIN Redheads need 20 more
painkiller. Research breakthrough USA
Weekend Nov 15-17 2002
What does a critical thinker think/do?
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CT Thoughts
Based on Chapter 11, What do you need to know?

• ..
• ..
• ..
• ..
• ..
• F..
• ..

University of Louisville study presented at
meeting of American Society of Anesthesiologists,
Sample 10 redheads and 10 brunettes given a
common anesthetic then electrically shocked until
moved only ½ the time, redheads required 20 more
anesthesia. http//www.asahq.org/news/redheads.ht
m
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Writing Errors Identify the errors, rewrite
correctly
The Question Define, give an example and an
exception to the fallacy of burden of proof.

• Identify the errors and rewrite the following
  answers to the question
• Burden of proof is when a person needs to explain
  why the argument is true.
• Ex. Two people are conversating and
  one says God is real. The person who believes
  that God is real has the burden of proof
• When the affirmative makes the opponent prove an
  argument
• Ex God exist, one person says God does not
  exist, so the first person says, Prove it then
• Exception It is unplausable
• When the second person states a claim and has the
  burden.
• Example Jose I believe and then Tony says I
  believe in God Tony has the burden of proof
  because he claimed it second
• When there is a doubt you can prove your point.
• Ex When someone says there are aliens
• Exception In court cases when you have more
  cons against a person but you have 2 good claims
  to prove them innocent.
• The placing of the requirement for proof on the
  wrong side of an issue.
• Example God is real and exists, the burden of
  proof is placed on the person who is for
  something, rather then against.
• Exception Doesn't have one.