America in a World at War

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• America in a World at War

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World War II Without America   1931/1937 -
Manchuria 1933 - Rise of Hitler 1935 -
Mussolini and Ethiopia 1936-1937 - Spanish
Civil War 1938 Anschluss with Austria
1938 - Munich and Invasion on
Czechoslovakia 1939 Invasion of Poland 1939
Hitler-Stalin Pact 1940 Capitulation of
France 1940 - Battle of Britain 1940 -
Invasion of Soviet Union 1941 - Japan Joins
the Axis 1941 - Pearl Harbor Attack
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• From Neutrality to Intervention
• The Campaign of 1940
• Neutrality Abandoned
• The Road to Pearl Harbor
• Invasion of Vietnam
• December 7, 1941

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• War on Two Fronts-Containing Japan

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• War on Two FrontsHolding Off the Germans

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• The American Economy in Wartime

• Prosperity and the Rights of Labor
• The American Economy in Wartime
• Stabilizing the Boom and Mobilizing Production

Woman aircraft worker, Vega Aircraft Corporation,
Burbank, Calif. (Library of Congress)
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• Race and Gender in Wartime America
• African Americans and the War
• Deployed and Segregated (400,000)
• Home Front

               A. Philip Randolph Fair
Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)
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• Race and Gender in Wartime America
• Mexican-American War Workers
• Sex and War

Washington, D.C. Soldier inspecting a couple of
"zoot suits" at the Uline Arena during Woody
Herman's Orchestra engagement there (Library of
Congress)
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• Race and Gender in Wartime America
• The Internment of Japanese Americans

The evacuation of the Japanese Americans from
West Coast areas under U.S. Army war emergency
order. Japanese Americans going to camp at Owens
Valley gather around baggage car at the old Santa
Fe Station (Library of Congress)
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• Race and Gender in Wartime America
• Chinese Americans and the War
• Repeal of Exclusion Acts
• Women and Children in Wartime
• Increase in Female Work Force
• WAACs and WAVEs
• Latch-key children

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• The Defeat of the Axis East (1943)

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• The Defeat of the Axis West

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• The Defeat of the Axis-East
• The Pacific Offensive

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• The Defeat of the Axis
• The Manhattan Project and Atomic Warfare
• Debating the Past
• THE DECISION TO DROP THE ATOMIC BOMB

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• America and the Holocaust

Immigration to the United States (19361945) 19
36 -- 36,329 1937 -- 50,244 1938 -- 67,895
1939 -- 82,998 1940 -- 70,756 1941 --
51,776 1942 -- 28,781 1943 -- 23,725 1944 --
28,551 1945 -- 38,119
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• America and the Holocaust

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• America and the Holocaust

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The Legacy of World War II Surrender of National
Sovereignty?

• World War II and Human Rights
• Post War Economic Interdependence
• Post War Collective Security

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THE FOUR FREEDOMS delivered by Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, on January 6, 1941
The first is freedom of speech and expression
--everywhere in the world. The second is
freedom of every person to worship God in his own
way-- everywhere in the world. The third is
freedom from want, which, translated into world
terms, means economic understandings which will
secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life
for its inhabitants --everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear, which,
translated into world terms, means a world-wide
reduction of armaments to such a point and in
such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in
a position to commit an act of physical
aggression against any neighbor --anywhere in the
world.
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Atlantic Charter AUGUST 14, 1941 The President of
the United States of America and the Prime
Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His
Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being
met together, deem it right to make known certain
common principles in the national policies of
their respective countries on which they base
their hopes for a better future for the world.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement,
territorial or other Second, they desire to see
no territorial changes that do not accord with
the freely expressed wishes of the peoples
concerned Third, they respect the right of all
peoples to choose the form of government under
which they will live and they wish to see
sovereign rights and self government restored to
those who have been forcibly deprived of them
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for
their existing obligations, to further the
enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor
or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the
trade and to the raw materials of the world which
are needed for their economic prosperity Fifth,
they desire to bring about the fullest
collaboration between all nations in the economic
field with the object of securing, for all,
improved labor standards, economic advancement
and social security Sixth, after the final
destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see
established a peace which will afford to all
nations the means of dwelling in safety within
their own boundaries, and which will afford
assurance that all the men in all lands may live
out their lives in freedom from fear and want
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to
traverse the high seas and oceans without
hindrance Eighth, they believe that all of the
nations of the world, for realistic as well as
spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of
the use of force.
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PREAMBLE TO THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED
NATIONS 26 June 1945
WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from
the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime
has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to
reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in
the dignity and worth of the human person, in the
equal rights of men and women and of nations
large and small, and to establish conditions
under which justice and respect for the
obligations arising from treaties and other
sources of international law can be maintained,
and to promote social progress and better
standards of life in larger freedom,
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The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
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• The Yamashita Trial
• The International Military Tribunal
• The Tokyo Trials
• Subsequent Cases Under Control Council No. 10
• National Trials

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Principles of the Nuremberg Tribunal, United
Nations, 1950

• Principle I Any person who commits an act which
  constitutes a crime under international law is
  responsible therefor and liable to punishment.
• Principle I IThe fact that internal law does not
  impose a penalty for an act which constitutes a
  crime under international law does not relieve
  the person who committed the act from
  responsibility under international law.
• Principle III The fact that a person who
  committed an act which constitutes a crime under
  international law acted as Head of State or
  responsible Government official does not relieve
  him from responsibility under international law.
• Principle IV The fact that a person acted
  pursuant to order of his Government or of a
  superior does not relieve him from responsibility
  under international law, provided a moral choice
  was in fact possible to him.
• Principle V Any person charged with a crime under
  international law has the right to a fair trial
  on the facts and law.
• Principle Vl The crimes hereinafter set out are
  punishable as crimes under international law
• Crimes against peace Planning, preparation,
  initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a
  war in violation of international treaties,
  agreements or assurances ii. Participation in a
  common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment
  of any of the acts mentioned under (i).
• War crimes Violations of the laws or customs of
  war which include, but are not limited to,
  murder, ill-treatment or deportation to
  slave-labor or for any other purpose of civilian
  population of or in occupied territory, murder or
  illtreatment of prisoners of war, of persons on
  the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public
  or private property, wanton destruction of
  cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not
  justified by military necessity.
• Crimes against humanity Murder, extermination,
  enslavement, deportation and other inhuman acts
  done against any civilian population, or
  persecutions on political, racial or religious
  grounds, when such acts are done or such
  persecutions are carried on in execution of or in
  connection with any crime against peace or any
  war crime.
• Principle VII Complicity in the commission of a
  crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime
  against humanity as set forth in Principles VI is
  a crime under international law.

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The Universal Declaration of Human
RightsPREAMBLE
Adopted by UN General Assembly Resolution 217A
(III) of 10 December 1948  WHEREAS recognition
of the inherent dignity and of the equal and
inalienable rights of all members of the human
family is the foundation of freedom, justice and
peace in the world,    WHEREAS disregard and
contempt for human rights have resulted in
barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience
of mankind, and the advent of a world in which
human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and
belief and freedom from fear and want has been
proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the
common people,   WHEREAS it is essential, if
man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a
last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and
oppression, that human rights should be protected
by the rule of law,    WHEREAS it is essential
to promote the development of friendly relations
between nations,    WHEREAS the peoples of the
United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed
their faith in fundamental human rights, in the
dignity and worth of the human person and in the
equal rights of men and women and have determined
to promote social progress and better standards
of life in larger freedom,    WHEREAS Member
States have pledged themselves to achieve, in
cooperation with the United Nations, the
promotion of universal respect for and observance
of human rights and fundamental
freedoms,   WHEREAS a common understanding of
these rights and freedoms is of the greatest
importance for the full realization of this
pledge,
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The Bretton Woods Agreements Articles of
Agreement of the International Bank
forReconstruction and Development, July 22, 1944

• By signing the agreement, nations were submitting
  their exchange rates to international
  disciplines. This amounted to a significant
  surrender of national sovereignty to an
  international organization.
• A nation does not have to resort to deflating the
  domestic economy when faced with chronic
  deficits.
• The dollar was the numeraire of the system, i.e.,
  it was the standard to which every other currency
  was pegged. Accordingly, the U.S. did not have
  the power to set the exchange rate between the
  dollar and any other currency. Keynes described
  the Bretton Woods system as "the exact opposite
  of the gold standard."
• World Bank System

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• OBJECTIVES
• A thorough study of Chapter 28 should enable you
  to understand
• The effects of American participation in the war
  on the Depression and the New Deal.
• The changes that wartime involvement brought for
  women and racial and ethnic minorities and for
  regional development.
• The contribution of the U.S. military to victory
  in North Africa, Europe, and the Pacific.
• The significance of the asymmetric casualty
  between both Allied and Axis powers.
• The action taken by America and its allies to
  address the Holocaust before and after the war.
• The decision to use the atomic bomb by the Truman
  Administration.
• The official ideology of the war and the planning
  for the establishment of an international
  infrastructure for the post-war world.