Protecting and Enhancing

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Protecting and Enhancing River Stream
Continuity
Scott Jackson University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Dams
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Sub-standard Culverts
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Importance of Movement

• Daily movements
• Changes in habitat conditions
• Reproduction
• Exploit vacant habitat
• Population continuity
• Dispersal

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Adult Spawning Migrations
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Spawning Habitat Eggs Alevin

• Requirements
• Clean, well oxygenated gravels

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Salmon Fry

• Requirements
• Margin habitats with slow-moderate current
• Sufficient invertebrate prey
• Interstitial spaces

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Early Parr

• Requirements
• Habitat with moderate-swift current
• Sufficient invertebrate prey
• Adequate interstitial spaces

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Late Parr / Pre-smolt

• Requirements
• Overwinter cover
• Require larger shelters
• Appropriate water chemistry
• Ability to emigrate from natal streams at certain
  times of the year

At this stage salmon make extensive movements
seeking appropriate winter habitat
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Habitat map fallfish site 4
Piotr Parasiewicz
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Excessive Velocities
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Inlet Drop
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Flow Contraction
Kozmo Bates Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Scour Hole
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Outlet Drop (Perching)
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Tail Water Armoring
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Insufficient Water Depth
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HDPE Slip liners vs. AOP
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High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) other pipes
w/low-friction coefficient vs. Aquatic Organism
Passage (AOP)

• Increase hydraulic capacity
• a 4 smaller pipe can pass 187 more flow
  (30 corrugated metal vs. 26
  HDPE).
• Increase flow velocities typically 2x
• Reduce water depths 1/3 1/4
• Raise the culvert outlet up to 8
• Create channel scour
• HDPE dont rust or corrode considerable project
  longevity postpones correction when replacing.

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http//www.lmnoeng.com/manningn.htm
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Impacts of River Stream Crossings

• Habitat loss and degradation
• Roadkill leading to loss of populations
• Alteration of Ecological Processes
• Reduced access to vital habitats
• Population fragmentation isolation
• Disruption of processes that maintain regional
  populations

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Culvert Failure
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Impacts of River Stream Crossings

• Blowouts cause hazard to life property
• at the culvert and downstream
• on perennial and intermittent streams
• cause downstream structures to fail (cascading
  effect)
• 1.2 x bankfull 2 may avoid blowouts

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Reduced Access to Vital Habitats

• Spawning habitat
• Nursery habitat
• Foraging areas
• Deep water refuges
• Seasonal habitats

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Population Fragmentation and Isolation

• Barriers to movement subdivide or isolate
  populations
• Smaller and more isolated populations are more
  vulnerable to
• extinction due to chance events
• genetic changes

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Processes that Maintain Regional Populations
(Metapopulations)

• Supplementation (rescue effect)
• Gene flow
• Re-colonization

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Wood turtle
Muskrat
Beaver
Star-nosed mole
Snapping turtle
Otter
Mink
Dusky salamander
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Importance of Small Streams

• Make up a large percentage of stream miles
• Cumulatively provide more habitat than large
  rivers
• Support species not found in larger streams and
  rivers
• Provide important spawning nursery habitat for
  fish

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Glimpse of Existing Situation
A 2004 - 2006 survey of 465 single culverts in
VT from streams with drainage areas gt0.25 mi2

• 52 (241) Impassable to all or some aquatic
  organisms (culverts with an outlet drop)
• 47 (217) Partial Barrier (indeterminate needs
  further evaluation)
• 1 (7) Passable (stream substrate throughout
  culvert, no outlet drop, no inlet obstruction)

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Glimpse of Existing Situation
A survey of 1,554 single and multiple culverts in
five New England states
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721 sq.mi.
Source MA Riverways Program
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Source MA Riverways Program
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Source MA Riverways Program
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Source MA Riverways Program
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Source MA Riverways Program
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Regulatory Requirements

• Federal
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2007 Nationwide
  Permit,
• General Condition 2 - Aquatic Life Movements
• No activity may substantially disrupt the
  necessary life cycle movements of those species
  of aquatic life indigenous to the waterbody,
  including those species that normally migrate
  through the area, unless the activitys primary
  purpose is to impound water. Culverts placed in
  streams must be installed to maintain low flow
  conditions.
• State
• A person shall notprevent the passing of fish
  in a stream or the outlet or inlet of a natural
  or artificial pond on a public stream, by means
  of a rack, screen, weir or other obstruction.

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Three Design Approaches

• No-Slope
• The design of an oversized culvert in a low risk
  site can be simplified and built with little
  risk.
• Hydraulic
• A structure with appropriate hydraulic conditions
  will allow target species to swim through it.
• Stream Simulation
• A channel that simulates characteristics of the
  adjacent natural channel will present no more of
  a challenge to movement of organisms than the
  natural channel.

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Hydraulic
Kozmo Bates Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Stream Simulation Culvert
Kozmo Bates Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Stream Simulation Bridge
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Stream Simulation Open-bottom Box
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Stream Simulation Open-Bottom Arch
Kozmo Bates Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Standards

• Bridge span preferred (CT, MA, NH)
• Corrugated culverts preferred over smooth (CT)
• Embedment (CT, MA, NH, VT)
• Natural bottom substrate within culvert (CT, MA,
  NH, VT)
• Width spans channel, at least
• 1.2 x bankfull width (CT, MA)
• Bankfull width (NH)
• Designed to provide water depths and velocities
  at a variety of flows that are comparable to
  those found in upstream and downstream natural
  stream segments (CT, MA, NH, VT)
• Gradient
• Match stream slope (CT, NH, VT)
• lt 3 for culverts (CT)
• Alignment (CT, NH, VT)
• Openness ratio gt 0.25  calculated in meters (CT,
  MA, NH)

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Culvert-able Streams
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Margins, Banklines
Bankline or bands
Debris
Margin, bank
Reference channel shape
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Stream Simulation BedChannel cross-section
Shoulder (or bankline if continuous)
Bankfull Width Height
Initial low flow channel
Channel margins
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1
RockBand
10 ft low flow channel
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Stream SimulationFirst estimate of culvert width
Stream simulation bed
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Crossing types
Bridge
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Steps
Culvert
Step boulders simulate natural steps
Alluvial bed material mix
Natural steps
Profile View
Bank boulders
Plan View
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Long profile with notes of possible changes in
the life of the project.
Potential slope failures and aggradation
Road crossing
Backwater deposition
Scour pool and tailout
Alluvial scour depth of existing channel
Bedrock probed
Temporary debris jams
Exposed bedrock limits incision and scour
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Unconfined
Confined
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Embedment

• If a culvert then embedded gt 2 foot
• gt 1 foot and 25 for corrugated round culverts

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Crossing-Stream Alignment
Johansen
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Openness
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Ecosystem Restoration ViaCrossing Upgrades

• Systematic evaluation of river and stream
  crossings
• Evaluation of habitat quality and landscape
  considerations
• Establish priorities for upgrades
• Careful design and construction
• Permitting

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Assessment Field Forms
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MA Crossing Structures Scoring System
Flow Contraction
Primary Score
N
Inlet Drop
Y
lt 80
80
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lt 6 (5)
None (10)
Substrate
Substrate
Outlet Drop
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lt 6 (5)
None (10)
Inappropriate or none (0)
Contrasting (5)
Comparable (10)
Contrasting (5)
Comparable (10)
Inappropriateor none (0)
Tailwater Armoring
Secondary Score
85 - 87
Extensive
Not Extensive (5)
None (10)
75 - 84
65 - 74
50 - 64
20 - 49
Physical Barriers
Span
Permanent
Temporary (5)
None (10)
Scour Pool
Constricts Channel
Active Channel
Channel Banks
Bankful Channel
None (10)
Large (0)
Small (5)
Embedded
Openness Ratio
Openness Ratio
Not Embedded (0)
Partially (3)
Fully gt1 (10)
Fully lt1 (7)
lt 0.25
0.25 0.49
gt 0.75
0.50 0.75
lt 0.25
0.25 0.49
gt 0.75
0.50 0.75
Water Depth
Not Comparable (0)
Comparable (10)
Water Velocity
Height
Height
lt 6 ft
gt 6 ft
lt 6 ft
gt 6 ft
Not Comparable (0)
Comparable (10)
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Severe barrier Moderate barrier Minor
barrier Meets General Stds Meets Optimal Stds
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Computer Modeling to Select Restoration
Priorities CAPS
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Important Considerationsfor Culvert
Replacement/Upgrades

• Stream channel adjustments and structure
  stability
• Upstream head cutting
• Loss or degradation of upstream wetlands
• Loss of flood control in developed watersheds

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Long profile with notes of possible changes in
the life of the project.
Potential slope failures and aggradation
Road crossing
Backwater deposition
Scour pool and tailout
Alluvial scour depth of existing channel
Bedrock probed
Temporary debris jams
Exposed bedrock limits incision and scour
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Scour Pool vs. Incised Channel
Outlet Scour
Original Channel Grade
Incised Channel
Original Channel Grade
Incised Channel Grade
Nick point-Evaluate losses
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Headcut issues Bed material
Wynoochee trib - 1983 Culvert replaced
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com
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Discussion Points

• Where should standards be applied?
• Can the standards be disaggregated?
• How/when should standards be applied to culvert
  replacements?
• Embedment depth
• Openness
• What technical design guidelines are needed?

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http//www.streamcontinuity.org
Kozmo Bates, Kozmo_at_AquaKoz.com