Title: Cold Weather Injuries
1Cold Weather Injuries
2Cold Weather InjuriesTerminal Learning Objective
- Action Manage cold weather injuries
- Condition Given the ECWCS, other issued cold
weather clothing items, and issued cold weather
sleep system with insulating pad, access to a
warming shelter, under field conditions where
temperatures range from 40º F to 60º F - Standard Soldier
- identified all of the signs and symptoms of each
type of cold weather injury. - selected and applied the recommended treatment
for the specified cold weather injury. - did not sustain a cold weather injury during the
conduct of the course
3Cold Weather Injuries
Total - 3446 Soldiers (approximately 1 BCT)
4Cold Stress
- Environmental Risk Factors
- Temperature, wind, rain/snow, immersion,
altitude - Mission Risk Factors
- Work intensity, duration of cold exposure and
- availability of adequate shelter, clothing and
food - Individual Risk Factors
- Physical fitness, body composition, fatigue,
race, - gender, health
5How does the body lose heat?
Radiation - 60 Convection - variable Conduction
- variable Respiration - 6 - 10 Evaporation
- 12 - 15
6How does the Body Respond to the Heat Loss?
- Shell/Core Effect body pulls blood from
extremities in an effort to keep the core warm. - Cold Diuresis result of the shell/core effect
body rids itself of fluid (increased urination),
because the kidneys sense an increase of volume
in the core thirst mechanism is also disrupted - Shivering involuntary reaction of skeletal
muscles which produces heat
7Wind Chill Chart
WCT (F) 35.74 0.6215T - 35.75(V0.16)
0.4275T(V0.16) Where T is temperature (F) and V
is wind speed (mph)
8Risk Of Frostbite
9Windchill Category
These guidelines are generalized for worldwide
use. Commanders of units with extensive extreme
cold-weather training and specialized equipment
may opt to use less conservative guidelines.
10Individual Factors
Fatigue Gender and Race Nutrition Prior
cold weather injuries Water intake Diseases or
injuries Individual differences Drugs/Tobacco/Al
cohol Fitness Psycho-Social
Factor Age Discipline, Training, Experience
11Food and Water Requirements
Calories 4500-6,000 calories per day 3.5-5
quarts of water per day
12Personal Hygiene
Washing/Shaving Oral Hygiene Water Sources Food
Sources Nicotine and Alcohol Latrines Clothing
Sleeping Bags
13Dehydration
14Hypothermia
15Chilblain
16Frostbite
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24Immersion Foot
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30Cold Weather InjuriesSummary
- Action Manage cold weather injuries
- Condition Given the ECWCS, other issued cold
weather clothing items, and issued cold weather
sleep system with insulating pad, access to a
warming shelter, under field conditions where
temperatures range from 40º F to 60º F - Standard Soldier
- identified all of the signs and symptoms of each
type of cold weather injury. - selected and applied the recommended treatment
for the specified cold weather injury. - did not sustain a cold weather injury during the
conduct of the course
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32Altitude IllnessTerminal Learning Objective
- Action Manage altitude illness
- Condition Under any field condition
- Standard Soldier
- identified all of the signs and symptoms of
altitude sickness - selected and applied the recommended treatment
for the specified altitude sickness
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34Altitude Classifications
- Altitude 8,000-12,000
- High altitude 12,000-18,000
- Extreme altitude 18,000-29,000
- Reference Medicine for Mountaineering, 5th
edition by James A. Wilkerson, M.D. - Low Sea Level to 5,000 feet
- Moderate 5,000-8,000 feet
- High 8,000-14,000 feet
- Very High 14,000-18,000
- Extreme 18,000 and higher
- Reference FM 3-97.6 Mountain Operations
35Altitude Overview
- At all altitudes the air is made up of 21 oxygen
- As you gain altitude the air pressure drops
- Less oxygen is available to the body because of
this reduced pressure - Less oxygen available means you suffer the
effects of altitude
BarP barometric pressure PIO2 pressure of
inhaled oxygen PaO2 arterial oxygen
pressure PaCO2 arterial carbon dioxide
pressure SaO2 percent of arterial oxygen
saturation
36Initial Physiological Response to Altitude
- Increased rate and depth of breathing
- Decreased oxygen saturation
- Changes in pH
- Pulse Rate and Cardiac Output
- Blood Volume
- Sleep Hypoxia
37Acclimatization
- Increased Respiratory Volume
- Increased Pulmonary Artery Pressure
- Increased Cardiac Output
- Increased Number of Red Blood Cells
- Changes in Oxygen-Carrying Capacity
- Changes in Body Tissues
38Acute Mountain Sickness
39High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
40High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
41Gamow Bag
42Tips for Operations at Altitude
- Driving or flying to altitudes above 10,000 feet
is not recommended it will take 24-72 hours to
adjust if you do fly to altitudes above 10,000
feet - Stay properly hydratedyou can lose up to 4
liters per day just breathingthink about water
sources, and the resources required to make the
water drinkable (filters, stoves, iodine etc.) - High carbohydrate diets are recommended
- If an individual shows symptoms of altitude
illness, you cannot take that person to a higher
altitude until the symptoms have subsided if the
symptoms worsen, it is time to evacuate that
individual to a lower altitude. Even a wait of a
few hours can mean the difference between life
and death.
43Tips for Operations at Altitude
- 24-72 hours after arrival at altitude, begin a PT
program that will mimic the operations you will
be conducting if possible train at higher
altitudes and sleep at lower altitudes - Diamox can help but may not be appropriate for
all individuals - Tobacco, alcohol, dehydration, depressant drugs
and over-exertion will inhibit acclimatization - Remember that you and your soldiers will never be
able to perform to sea level capacity everything
will take longer to accomplish
44Altitude IllnessSummary
- Action Manage altitude illness
- Condition Under any field condition
- Standard Soldier
- identified all of the signs and symptoms of
altitude sickness - selected and applied the recommended treatment
for the specified altitude sickness
45Cold Weather and Mountain Environmental
InjuriesTerminal Learning Objective
- Action Manage common cold weather and mountain
environmental injuries - Condition Given the ECWCS, other issued cold
weather clothing items, and issued cold weather
sleep system with insulating pad, access to a
warming shelter, under field conditions where
temperatures range from 40º F to 60º F - Standard Soldier
- identified all of the signs and symptoms of
common cold weather and mountain environmental
injuries. - selected and applied the recommended treatment
for common cold weather and mountain
environmental injuries
46Snow Blindness
47Improvised Slit Glasses
48Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
49Giardia
50Constipation
51Heat Exhaustion
52Heat Stroke
53Hyponatremia
54Cold Weather and Mountain Environmental
InjuriesSummary
- Action Manage common cold weather and mountain
environmental injuries - Condition Given the ECWCS, other issued cold
weather clothing items, and issued cold weather
sleep system with insulating pad, access to a
warming shelter, under field conditions where
temperatures range from 40º F to 60º F - Standard Soldier
- identified all of the signs and symptoms of
common cold weather and mountain environmental
injuries. - selected and applied the recommended treatment
for common cold weather and mountain
environmental injuries