EDC

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EDCI 510History of Educational Technology

• June 30, 2005
• The Audiovisual and Technical Foundations of
  Educational Technology

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Topics for Today

• Your Questions
• A little more about the Technology Adoption Life
  Cycle
• Greggs Presentation on James Finn
• A Look at Technology
• A Quick Historical Overview
• My List of Important Chapter Topics

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The Technology Adoption Life Cycle

• Based on the work of Geoffrey Moore and the book
  Crossing the Chasm

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The Technology Adoption Life Cycle
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The Technology Adoption Life Cycle
Innovators
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The Technology Adoption Life Cycle
Innovators
Early Majority/ Visionaries
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The Technology Adoption Life Cycle
Early Majority/ Pragmatists
Innovators
Early Majority/ Visionaries
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The Technology Adoption Life Cycle
Early Majority/ Pragmatists
Innovators
Late Majority/ Conservatives
Early Majority/ Visionaries
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The Technology Adoption Life Cycle
Laggards/Skeptics/ Traditionalists
Early Majority/ Pragmatists
Innovators
Late Majority/ Conservatives
Early Majority/ Visionaries
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The Technology Adoption Life Cycle
The Chasm
Early Majority/ Pragmatists
Laggards/Skeptics/ Traditionalists
Innovators
Late Majority/ Conservatives
Early Majority/ Visionaries
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Greggs Presentation on Finn
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A Walk on the Altered SideJ.D. Finn

• As an historical document
• Who was the intended audience?
• What was the authors intent?
• What supporting evidence was provided?
• As an audience 40 years hence
• Were the predictions descriptions accurate?
• Are the prescriptions still valid?
• What is the message for current educators?

Slides prepared by Gregg Harbaugh
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A Walk on the Altered SideJ.D. Finn

• The Basic Outline
• Technology is not a collection of gadgets, but a
  way of thinking about certain problems
• Instructional technology is viewed as both
  trivial dangerous
• Instructional technology feels too much like
  Scientism for some philosophers
• The educational philosophers role is to clarify
  the purpose of instructional technology as a
  means to an end
• Too broad a perspective is useless (position of
  the flagpole)
• Too narrow a perspective is naïve (Pygmalion
  Teacher training)
• Method cannot be separated from subject matter
• Instructional technology requires absolutely
  clearly stated objectives

Slides prepared by Gregg Harbaugh
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A Walk on the Altered SideJ.D. Finn

• Statements of Fact
• p 47 The distance between the caveman and
  Magellan is as nothing compared to the distance
  between Magellan and Glenn.
• p 49 The intellectual hasalways hated the
  city which makes ones intellectuality
  possible.
• p 49 a technological civilization is an urban
  civilization.
• p 53 The specifics are conditioned by the
  instructional real-itya condition that
  philosophers abhor but that scientists, in the
  case of scientific laws, do not worry about.
• p 54 If you deny the teaching machine, the
  computer, tele-vision, and the motion picture, if
  you deny new ways of teach-ing and learning, you
  cannot stop until you deny yourselves fire, the
  wheel, and even the very language which you
  speak.
• Others?

Slides prepared by Gregg Harbaugh
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A Walk on the Altered SideJ.D. Finn

• Statements for Discussion
• p 47 One thing that is new is the prevalence
  of newness.
• p 48 education may remain the only natural
  (primitive) sector of our culture.
• p 49 the curriculum specialists have been seen
  running around throwing up barricades to protect
  the child from the machine monster
• p 49 Plumbingis a rather appropriate symbol
  of a technological society.
• p 51 methodreduced itself to a worship of
  group dynamics while pacifying the god of
  child-individuality
• p 52 technology is an aim-generator as much as
  purpose or philosophy is a technical
  direction-giver.
• p 53 objectives can only be developed in this
  sense by a thorough analysis heretofore rarely
  applied in education.
• p 54 The machine is demonized only by those
  who feel helpless in its presence. (Prometheus
  or Faust)

Slides prepared by Gregg Harbaugh
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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• Edison Wax Cylinder Gramophone

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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• Lantern Slide Projector

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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved
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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• Wire Recorder

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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• Opaque Projector

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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• 35 mm Slide Projector

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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• Caramate Projector

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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• Filmstrip Projector

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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• Guillotine Tape Splicer

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Audiovisual Equipment I have Known and Loved

• Sony Reel to Reel Videotape

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• Instructional Media were originally referred to
  as audiovisual aids
• What does this imply?
• Museums were often the repository of the
  materials
• Today libraries and resource centers provide this
  function

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• In the mid 1900s, an Educational Museum
  developed in St. Louis
• At the same time educational films started to be
  used nationally

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• 1910s to 1920s
• Development of film and radio
• I believe that the motion picture is destined to
  revolutionize our educational system and that in
  a few years it will supplant largely, if not
  entirely, the use of textbooks.
• I should say that on the average we get about two
  percent out of schoolbooks as they are written
  today. The education of the future, as I see it,
  will be conducted through the medium of the
  motion picture . . .Where it should be possible
  to obtain one hundred percent efficiency.
• --Thomas Edison, 1922

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• 1930s and 1940s
• Radio declined in use but training films
  increased
• Frank Capra
• During this time, the U.S. government purchased
  55,000 film projectors and produced 457 training
  films at the cost of 1 billion dollars.

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• 1930s to 1940s
• Use of overhead projector (viewgraph) in the
  military
• Development of training techniques for efficient
  training of soldiers

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A Quick Overview of the Topic
1946
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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• 1950s
• Educational broadcasting (talking heads) and the
  Ford Foundation
• Great promise of use of television and videotape
• Did it take hold? Why or Why not?
• Hundreds of public television stations were built

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• 1950s
• Skinners programmed learning and the teaching
  machines

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• 1960s to 1970s
• Much of the educational technology energies went
  into developing instructional design principles
• Portable videotape and filmstrips dominated the
  audiovisual world
• The University of Illinois funded Plato
  (Programmed Logic for Automatic-Teaching
  Operations)a primitive computerized
  instructional system

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• 1980s
• Home video

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A Quick Overview of the Topic

• 1980s
• Low cost personal computers

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My List of Important TopicsChapter 4

• The persistence of vision
• Eastman/Kodaks investment in educational media
  and the development of educational hardware
• 1934 the Hays Commission starting to focus on
  educational films
• The Teaching Films Survey (p. 116)

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My List of Important TopicsChapter 6

• Page 182 Characteristics of training films
• The use of filmstrips

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My List of Important TopicsChapter 13

• November 27, 1950 meeting of the FCC (page 361)
• The first Educational Television stations at the
  University of Houston, USC, WQED (Pittsburgh),
  KQED (San Francisco), WGBH in Boston, and WTTW
  (Chicago)
• The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967the Carnegie
  Commission suggested converting educational
  stations into public stations
• 1968The Corporation for Public Broadcasting
• 1967PBS and NPR
• Nixon seeing CPB as being liberal

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My List of Important TopicsChapter 16

• Are information technologies and educational
  technologies the same?
• Convergence of computing and telecommunications
• The increased use of microcomputers in education
• Logo
• Reference to Cuban