Eleventh Week

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Eleventh Week

• Brian Hall, The Impossible Country A Journey
  through the Last Days of Yugoslavia

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News
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Music

• eljko Joksimovic

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Reading-Discussion Assignment

• Hall, Part I Slovenia and Croatia
• Ivo Andrics Bridge on the Drina
• This week through p. 256

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Whats happening? Last week

• Gregor Fedun, the brigand Jakov Cekrlija, and
  Jelenka
• 1881-82 Draft imposed by Austrian authorities
• 1885 Lotte and the Inn (Thursday)
• Corkans walk on the bridge

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On the Bridge This Week

• Echoes of assassination of Austrian Empress
  Elizabeth by Italian anarchist
• Pietro Sola (Maistor Pero) and wife Stana
• Bridge repairs, new water supply and Alihodja
• Building of the railway
• Political changes 1908 through 1913

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Paper topics

• Not everyone has submitted a topic

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Distinction of the Day

• Ethnic identity
• Civic identity
• Criteria for each?
• Think about Maistor Pero

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Terminology (Hall)

• A personSerb, Croat, Slovene, Muslim
• Serb, Croat, Slovene, Muslim as adjectives refer
  to ethnicity
• Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Bosnian refer to
  language and attributes of the state
• Croat-Serb means mixed ethnicity, no matter where
  they reside
• Bosniak is relatively recent signifies Bosnian
  Muslim and gives equivalent to Bosnian Croat and
  Bosnian Serb

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Controversy over Bosniak

• Privileges Muslims in Bosnia, as if they are the
  only authentic Bosnians
• Term has political power

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Hall Part I

• Centered on Zagreb (but begins in Vienna)
• Visit to Slovenia

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Croatia Hall 1
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ahovnica
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Franjo Tudjman

• HDZ (Croatian Democratic Union)
• Hrvatska demokratska zajednica
• Defining issues for Croat nationalism
• Jesenovac
• Stepinac
• Pavelic

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Issues

• Krajina
• Coastline
• Slovenia (Austrian affinities, national
  characteristics?)
• Borovo selo beginning of conflict
• Vukovar major site of conflict

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Historical Factions

• Ustae (Ustashas)
• Chetniks
• Partisans

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Croatia

• Feeling of superiority to Serbs
• Resentment under Serb rule in post-WWI age
• Growth of Ustashe
• Collaboration with Nazis
• Tito equilibrium, but nothing forgotten

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Time Line

• December 9, 1990 -- Miloevic elected president
  in Serbia's first multi-party election since
  World War II.
• June 25, 1991 -- Croatia and Slovenia proclaim
  independence.

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Results of independence movements

• June 1991 -- Yugoslav tanks fail to crush
  Slovenian independence. Fighting begins in
  Croatia between Croats and ethnic Serbs.
• December 19, 1991 -- Rebel Serbs declare
  independence in Krajina region which makes up
  almost a third of Croatia.
• December 1991 -- In Bosnia, the most ethnically
  mixed Yugoslav republic, Serb minority holds
  unofficial referendum opposing separation from
  Yugoslavia. Local Serb leaders proclaim new
  republic separate from Bosnia

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1992-93

• January 1992 -- U.N. forces enter Croatia and
  fighting subsides.
• February 29 - March 1, 1992 -- Bosnia's Muslims
  and Croats vote for independence in referendum
  boycotted by Serbs.
• April 6, 1992 -- War breaks out between Bosnian
  government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995
  siege of capital Sarajevo.
• January 1993 -- Bosnia peace efforts fail, war
  breaks out between Muslims and Croats, previously
  allied against Serbs.

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Siege of Sarajevo

• 1992-96
• Blockade 400k residents trapped
• Thousands killed
• Variety of human rights violations
• UN food airlifts in June 1992
• Declared over in February 1996
• Population 650k to 220k (400k now)

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Welcome to Sarajevo

• Directed by Michael Winterbottom
• 1997 film

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Whats Happening?

• Reporters trying to understand
• Different reporting styles question of
  objectivity, taking sides
• Relationship with locals

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Who is the enemy?
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What about the children?
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Events

• Evacuation of children
• Death of driver
• Emira in London

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Emiras Mother

• Meeting
• Phone call

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1994-95

• 1995 -- Two major thrusts by Croatian forces
  recover most of Serb-held territory and 150,000
  Serbs flee to Serbia.
• November 21, 1995 -- Following NATO air strikes
  against Bosnian Serbs, Miloevic joins presidents
  of Bosnia and Croatia in peace agreement at
  U.S.-sponsored talks at Dayton, Ohio

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Progress since 1995?

• Divided Bosnia
• ICTY indicts and convicts
• 2003 EU takes over policing from UN
• 2004 Peacekeeping handed over to EUFor
• Bridge at Mostar rebuilt

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Dayton Map
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Goals and motives for Balkan Wars

• Protection of persecuted ethnic group
• Revenge for past wrongs
• Desire to restore lost kingdom
• Desire to impose religious uniformity

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Unforeseen consequences

• Ever expanding violence
• Acceptance of violence (people as numbers)
• Economic instability in region
• Mistakes (e.g., Chinese Embassy)
• Opportunities for other states
• World opinion (Balkan as pejorative)

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World opinion

• Does it matter?
• How is it constituted?

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Mythmaking

• Demonization
• Stereotyping
• Metaphors and frames (Lakoff)

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Mostar Bridge
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Theo Angelopoulos Ulysses Gaze
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Background of Director

• One of new directors of 60s
• One of few to still be making films
• Philosophy, metaphor, symbol difficult films
• Most rooted in Greek history 1930s-70s
• Voyage to Cythera 1984 Beekeeper 1986 Landscape
  in the Mist 1988 Suspended Step of the Stork 1991

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Background of Film
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Ulysses Gaze 1996

• Thematic source Homers Odyssey
• Quest of A through the Balkans
• Ambitious, thoughtful,
• Excellent sound track music by Eleni Karaindrou

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Greece 20th Century
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The Quest

• Thessaloniki
• Florinda
• Korytsa Korçë
• Monastir - Bitola

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History

• Film in the Balkans
• Old woman at the border references to Civil War
  (and sister)
• Refugees in the 1990s