HPSC1004 Introduction to Science Policy

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HPSC1004Introduction to Science Policy

• Week 1 Slot 2
• Where does the money go?

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Terminology

• Science
• Research
• Research and Development (RD)
• GDP
• G7 countries

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From 1939 to 1960s

• Total expenditure on research 20m (1939)
• 14m from government
• 10m defence
• 4m civil
• 6m from industry

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From 1939 to 1960s

• Expenditure on research increased during Second
  World War and Cold War
• e.g. expenditure by government
• 14m (1939)
• 220m (1955-56)
• 412m (1964-65)
• Relative contribution by industry increases too
• From ¼ (1955-56) to 1/3 (1961/2)
• Defence RD at least half of total RD expenditure

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From 1960s to 1970s
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UK Science Funding Now

• Gross domestic expenditure on RD
• Total 20,331m
• Civil 17,891m
• Defence 2,440m
• Source BERR SET Statistics
• http//www.berr.gov.uk/science/science-funding/set
  -stats/index.html

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Total Gross domestic expenditure on RD (Total
GERD) 2004
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GERD 2004
Civil 17.8b Defence 2.4b
Total 20.3b
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Figure 6.2 Trends in gross domestic expenditure
on civil and defence RD in the UK in real
termsSource SET Statistics
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Figure 6.3 Trends in gross domestic expenditure
on civil and defence RD in the UK as a
percentage of GDPSource SET Statistics
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Figure 6.6 Trends in source of funds for gross
domestic expenditure on RD in UK in real
terms Source SET Statistics
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Figure 6.7 Trends in gross expenditure on RD in
the UK by performing sector in real termsSource
SET Statistics
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Figure 3.2 Trends in Government funded RD
expenditure in real termsSource SET Statistics
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Figure 4.3 Sectoral breakdown of RD performed in
business enterpriseSource SET Statistics
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Top 25 UK companies by RD expenditure
(2006)Source RD Scoreboard
foreign-owned
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Top 25 global companies by RD expenditure
(2006)Source RD Scoreboard
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International Comparisons

• US Federal expenditure on research
• 74m (1940)
• 1,600m (1952 equal wartime high)
• 8,000m (1960)
• 15,000m (1964)

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Gross Expenditure on RD (GERD)

• b
• UK 20
• Germany 37
• France 25
• Italy 11
• Japan 75
• Canada 13
• USA 197
• Source Table 7.1, SET Statistics

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Figure 7.1 Trends in gross domestic expenditure
on RD (GERD) in G7 countries as a percentage of
GDPSource SET Statistics
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Figure 7.4 Trends in Government financed GERD in
G7 countries as a percentage of GDPSource SET
Statistics
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Table 7.10 Comparison of Government funding of
RD in G7 countries by socio-economic objective
(percentage distribution)Source SET Statistics
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Table 7.2 Comparison of gross expenditure on RD
in G7 countries by sector of performance and
source of fundingSource SET Statistics