Please check

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Please check
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Todays topic

• The transactional model of communication,
  instructional conversations, and recitation
  script.

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Announcements

• Rough draft due tonight. Remember that you assign
  your grade -- make sure that the cover sheet is
  filled out and that you checked the box that
  indicates the number of points you earned.
• Your interview assignment is due when we return
  from Spring Break.

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Quick questions or quandaries?
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Small Group Activity 1

• Before you turn in your rough draft, discuss it
  in small group. Write suggestions and reminders
  on your paper you will get it back, along with
  my comments.

30 minutes
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The Transactional Model of Communication
Development

• This perspective emphasizes the reciprocal,
  bidirectional influence of the communication
  environment, the responsiveness of communicative
  partners, and the child's own developing
  communicative competence

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Transactional Model, cont.

• For example, this model assumes that the
  increasing readability or clarity of the child's
  communicative behavior may influence the parent's
  style and frequency of contingent responsiveness
  in ways that will further scaffold the child's
  developing competence during the transition to
  linguistic communication.

(Wetherby, Warren, Reichle, 1998, p. 2)
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What?
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Another definition

• Children are viewed as active participants who
  learn to affect the behavior and attitudes of
  others through active signaling and who gradually
  learn to use more sophisticated and conventional
  means to communicate through caregivers
  contingent social responsiveness.

(Kublin et al., 1998, p. 286)
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And

• The quality and nature of the contexts in which
  interaction occurs are considered to have a great
  influence on the successful acquisition of
  language and communicative behavior...
  development can be understood only by analysis of
  the interactive context, not simply by focusing
  solely on the child or the caregivers, because
  successful communication involves reciprocity and
  mutual negotiation."

(Kublin et al., 1998, p. 286)
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The Communication Environment
The childs developing communicative competence
The responsiveness of communicative partners
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In what ways does the transactional model of
communication development seem related to Lily
Wong Fillmores model?
Discuss among yourselves
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Components of Wong Fillmores model
The Social Setting
Speakers of the Target Language
Learners
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One critical area of social competence a child
must acquire is the ability to recognize/
interpret what social event is taking place and
to speak and act in ways that are sensitive to
the context.
Language Socialization
(Ochs, 1986, p. 3)
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to speak and act in ways that are sensitive to
the context.
So, how we speak and behave varies according to
the context. These patterns of language use are
learned as a child participates in different
social settings. We can call these different sets
of language use expectations genres.
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Language Genres?

• Context specific language use patterns.

or... The different ways we communicate in
different contexts
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Everyday Conversation
How do you recognize one?
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Lets look at a few more language genres
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The Job Interview
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Closing the Deal
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Family Counseling Session
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Telephone Conversations
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Quick Write

• After reading and learning about different
  approaches to theories of first and second
  language development, what strikes you as the
  most important thing for your teaching practice?

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Everyday Conversationvs. Recitation Script
vs.Instructional Conversation
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Everyday Conversation
How do you recognize one?
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Everyday Conversation

• Locally managed
• Speakers self-select
• Topic determined and changed by speakers
• Conversation fully interactive
• Sequential structure
• Informal style

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Recitation Script

• Teacher directed
• Teacher selects speakers
• Teacher determines topic
• Interaction determined by teacher
• I-R-E structure
• Formal style

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I-R-E

• teacher INITIATION
• student RESPONSE
• teacher EVALUATION

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What's the problem with recitation script?
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Instructional Conversation (IC)
"Talk in which ideas are explored rather than
answers to teachers' test questions provided and
evaluated."
(Cazden, 1988, p. 54)
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Characteristics of IC

• It is interesting and engaging.

• It is about an idea or a
  concept that
  has meaning and
  relevance for students.

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Characteristics of IC

• It has a focus that, while it may shift as the
  discussion evolves, remains discernible
  throughout.
• There is a high level of participation, without
  undue domination by any one individual,
  particularly the teacher.

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Characteristics of IC

• Students engage in extended discussion
  conversations with the teacher and among
  themselves.

(Goldenberg, 1991, p. 3)
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Small Group Activity 2

• Compare and discuss two transcripts from Tizard
  and Hughes (1984, Young children talking), with
  respect to recitation script/IRE and
  instructional conversation
• "Big Sweets and Little Sweets"
• "Little Jesus"

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Todays main points

• We speak differently in different contexts, i.e.
  with friends versus during religious ceremonies.
• Teacher talk often looks very similar from
  teacher to teacher and tends to encourage right
  answers.

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Main points, cont.

• The traditional way that teacher talk is done may
  not be the best way to stimulate language
  development. That requires
• active participation in meaningful communicative
  interactions.

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Looking ahead

• Comparing and Contrasting First and Second
  Language Development

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• .

Please take a minute for the minute paper.