The First Computers

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The First Computers
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Tips!
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Quotes
"Computers in the future may weigh no more than
1.5 tons." --Popular Mechanics, forecasting the
relentless march of science, 1949
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Quotes
I think there is a world market for maybe five
computers." --Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM,
1943
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Quotes
"I have traveled the length and breadth of this
country and talked with the best people, and I
can assure you that data processing is a fad that
won't last out the year." --The editor in charge
of business books for Prentice Hall, 1957
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Quotes
"But what ... is it good for?" --Engineer at the
Advanced Computing Systems Division of IBM, 1968,
commenting on the microchip.
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Quotes
"There is no reason anyone would want a computer
in their home." --Ken Olson, president, chairman
and founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977
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Quotes
"So we went to Atari and said, 'Hey, we've got
this amazing thing, even built with some of your
parts, and what do you think about funding us? Or
we' ll give it to you. We just want to do it. Pay
our salary, we'll come work for you.' And they
said, 'No.' So then we went to Hewlett-Packard,
and they said, 'Hey, we don't need you. You
haven't got through college yet.'" --Apple
Computer Inc. founder Steve Jobs on attempts to
get Atari and H-P interested in his and Steve
Wozniak's personal computer.
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Quotes
"640K ought to be enough for anybody." -- Bill
Gates, 1981
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Quotes
"Everything that can be invented has been
invented." --Charles H. Duell, Commissioner, U.S.
Office of Patents, 1899.
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History Blaise Pascal 1642

• Pascaline
• 5 digits
• Added only
• Not reliable
• Two centuries ahead of its time

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Computer Concepts
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Basic Concepts

• Analog or Digital
• Analog continuous signals
• Voltage, pressure, weight etc.
• Digital discrete states, or quantized
  information
• The bit is the fundamental unit
• Why use digital?

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Computer Operating Principles

• Physical operating principles are simple
• Complexity and power are due to
• Miniaturization
• Speed
• Programming

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Tips!
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Basic Concepts

• Prefixes
• Kilo 1,000s
• Mega 1,000,000s
• Giga 1,000,000,000s
• Tera 1,000,000,000,000s
• Peta 1,000,000,000,000,000s
• Exa 1,000,000,000,000,000,000s

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Basic Terms

• Quantity and data rate terminology
• Bit (used in data rate)
• Byte (8 bits) (used to represent quantity)
• Kbps kilobit per second
• Kbyte 1024 bytes
• Mbps megabits per second
• MB megabyte (1,048,576 bytes 1meg)
• Gbps gigabit per second
• GB gigabyte (1 Gig)

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Basic Terms

• Frequency terminology
• kHz Thousands of cycles per second
• MHz Millions of cycles per second
• GHz Billions of cycles per second
• Used to indicate the clock frequency of busses,
  CPUs and other microprocessors
• CPU central processing units

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The Jacquard Loom

• The first truly programmable machine in 1804
• Punched cards
• Could produce an infinite variety of patterns

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Bus Memory, Address, Expansion

• A bus is a path or group of related paths that
  carry electrical signals to represent data
• Address bus transfers the where information
• Data bus transfers the what information
• Expansion bus interconnects hardware
• ISA 8-bit and 16 bit (8 mhz)
• PCI (32 mhz, 32 bit)
• AGP (variable mhz, 32 or 64 bit)

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Computer Hardware Issues

• Processors
• Vary in bus width, addressable memory, features
• Proprietary vs. non-proprietary issues
• Cost, service, expandability, compatibility
• Motherboards
• Vary in form factor, power, expansion, number and
  type of busses, ram type and limits
• Ports
• Serial, parallel, USB, Firewire, SCSI

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Limited Resources

• IRQs attention-getting signal
• I/O addresses device mailbox
• DMA ports (Direct Memory Access)
• Concerns
• Availability
• Configuration fixed, jumpers, PNP
• PNP?

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Computer Hardware Issues

• Cases
• Proprietary vs. non-proprietary issues
• Motherboard form-factor, power, expansion
• Quality issues
• Power supply UL listed?
• RF shielding?
• Structural integrity?
• Cooling?

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Computer Hardware Issues

• CMOS/BIOS/ROM issues
• Definitions? RAM vs. ROM?
• Functions of BIOS
• Time/date, disk assignments, ports, CPU speed
• Assigning/enabling/disabling resources and
  devices
• Boot order, startup method
• System protection virus, remote startup, BIOS
• CMOS memory, uses battery to hold BIOS
  configuration

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Thomas de Colmar
The Arithmometer in 1820

• First commercially successful calculator

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Tips!
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Memory Primary, Secondary and Cache
Core Memory
Intel 1103

• Primary memory RAM, Random-Access?
• Why do we need RAM? How much is enough?
• Disk space is not the same primarily storage
• Exception Windows swap-file
• RAM is up to 1,000,000 times faster than a hard
  disk!
• Fast RAM can move over a 3 gigabyte/sec, fast
  hard disk is about 7-8 megabyte/sec

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Computer Hardware Issues

• Secondary memory storage
• Floppy 5 ¼, 3 ½ (360K, 720K, 1.2M, 1.44M)
• Hard disks internal and external
• CD/CDR/CDRW
• Single session and multisession
• Media issues
• Audio CD issues media, writing cautions

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Secondary Storage

• Zip and other magnetic removables
• Soft media Zip and LS120 (SuperDisk)
• Hard platter Jazz and Syquest
• Tape drives
• Media issues
• DVDs and write capable DVDs
• Cost/speed issues
• Incompatibility issues

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Other Secondary Storage

• Flash memory portable, removable
• Types
• Proprietary (eg. Sony)
• CompactFlash (Kodak and others)
• Media Stick
• Quantities and cost issues
• Peripherals
• CompactFlash readers USB, floppy, parallel,
  PCMCIA adapters

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Computer Hardware Issues

• Cache memory
• What is it?
• What uses it?
• What types
• Hardware CPU (primary and secondary)
• Virtually all digital devices use a cache
• Components to peripherals
• Disk, Internet and system cache

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BabbagesAnalytical Engine

• First general purpose calculator
• Decisions based on results
• Information AND instructions on punch cards
  (memory)
• Type set output
• 1000, 50-digit number memory

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Tips!
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BabbagesAnalytical Engine
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Lady Lovelace

• Ada Augusta Byron
• The mother of computer programming
• Mathematician
• Developed programs for the Analytical Engine
  1842

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Computer Hardware Issues

• USB
• Advantages reasonably fast (12Mbps), 1 IRQ, can
  be bus-powered, of devices, PNP
• Disadvantages OS support, speed, compatibility
• IEEE1394 FireWire, Sony iLink
• Advantages high speed (400Mbps), good
  professional device support, cross-platform
• Disadvantages reduced support on PCs

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Video and Sound Basics

• Sound and video information
• Bit depth, frame rate, sample rate
• Sound and video hardware
• Displays, adapters
• Sound and video capture, storage and manipulation
• Digital cameras and video recorders

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Communication Issues

• Limitations of conductors
• Length vs. frequency issues, fiber, the local
  loop
• Modems
• ISDN too little too late
• xDSL voice and data
• Cable data services
• Satellite data services
• VOIP?

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Otto Steiger

• The Millionaire in 1893
• Business and science applications
• In use for 30 years, 4655 made

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Tips!
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First Programmers
Ada Augusta Analytical Engine (Babbage)
Adele Goldstein ENIAC
Grace Hopper UNIVAC, COBOL
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Network Designs

• LANs (Local Area Network)
• CANs (Campus Area Network)
• MANs (Metropolitan Area Network)
• WANs (Wide Area Network)
• AD-Hoc Network
• MANs and WANs cross the public right-of-way

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Network Issues

• Circuit switched circuits
• Connection-oriented
• Temporary, dedicated, real or virtual path
• Sequential order
• Packet switched circuits
• Connection-oriented (Frame-Relay) or
  connectionless (IP)
• Dedicated paths (ATM) or variable paths (IP)
• May arrive out of order (IP)

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Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching
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Network Issues

• Networks rely on communication rules
  (protocols)
• OSI is the standard architectural model
• Must be independent of the application
• Alternative?
• TCP/IP is the most important protocol suite

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Great Brass Brain
Tide predictor Analog computer 1914
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IBM
Thomas Watson, 1921 98 accounting market
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OSI Layers
Physical media and transmission of unstructured
bits Data Link reliable transfer of frames
between connected devices Network establishes,
maintains and terminates connections between
devices on different networks Transport
transfers data between end points. Error,
recovery and flow control Session establishes,
maintains and terminates connections between
applications Presentation Converts data to
application-specific and OS-specific
formats Application user interface and services
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Network Devices

• Hubs simply mirror one port to all others (layer
  1)
• Bridges link similar networks based on hardware
  addresses.
• Layer 2 device
• They extend and filter LAN traffic
• They can links LANs and/or WANs
• Switches like bridges, they are layer 2.
• Routers link, partition and transfer packets
  between networks (similar or dissimilar)
• Layer 3 device

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Hubs (repeaters) and Bridges
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Switches and Routers
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Konad Zuse

• Built the Z1 in Berlin 1936
• Pioneered relay calculators
• Binary math, floating point
• Unknown till modern time
• Proposed vacuum tube design in 1939-turned down
• Z1-Z4 destroyed

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Tips!
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Common Network Terms

• Ethernet IEEE 802.3
• Most popular LAN technology
• Variety of media coax, copper, fiber
• Includes 10-Base2, 10Base5, 10Base-T, 100Base-T
  and many more
• Gigabit Ethernet now popular
• CSMA/CD sets it apart

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Common Network Terms

• Other LAN technologies
• Token Ring 802.5
• Older, limited, slow (4 or 16 Mbps)
• No collisions
• Other LAN technologies
• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
• Very powerful, similar to Token Ring,
  100Mbps-200Mbps, 124 miles (LAN or MAN)
• ArcNet Token Bus, coax or fiber

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Wireless Issues

• WLANs (Wireless Lans) IEEEs 802.11
• 802.11 (1-2Mbps)
• 802.11b (5-11Mbps) 2.4 GHz, WiFi popular
• 400-1500 ft. (11Mbps-1Mbps)
• 802.11a 5-6 GHz, 6, 12, 24, 56Mbps (wireless
  ATM)
• HyperLan2 is similar
• Bluetooth
• Interconnect phones, printers, cameras,
  computers, PDAs
• 30 ft. range, 1 Mbps, mixed acceptance
• More portable than 802.11 (print a letter at your
  friends house)

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Howard Aiken
The Harvard Calculator

• Used for vacuum tube design, defense, physics

1938
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More Wireless Technologies

• HomeRF
• Based on 802.11b, 2.4GHz, 1.6Mbps
• 150ft max, good protection from interference
• Designed for the home market
• Infrared networking
• Too little, too late

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Internet Connectivity

• Business connectivity
• Cost vs. performance vs. reliability
• Choices
• T-1, T-3, PRI, Fractionals
• xDSL or cable
• Frame Relay, ATM, X.25
• Performance guarantee issues (SLAs)

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ENIAC

• Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer
• University of Pennsylvania's Moore School
• Most complex vacuum tube device ever built
• 1500 sq. ft., 30 tons, 18,000 tubes, 200
  kilowatts
• .1mhz, clocked logic, decimal, 1000 times faster
  than Harvard Mark 1
• Real-time missile trajectories
• 1946-1955

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ENIAC
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ENIAC
One of 200 memory units for 20, 10-digit numbers
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Security Issues

• Physical security critical, often overlooked
• Locked rooms, physical media protection etc.
• Power (UPS, generator etc.)
• Environment humidity, fire, water damage,
  temperature, vibration, sunlight
• Hardware redundancy power supplies, hard disks,
  backup trunks for data and voice
• Software security
• Login, authorization, authentication, access
  controls, software redundancy/replication

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Tips!
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1 Threat Internal

• Access unauthorized systems/data
• Local or remote access
• Physical damage to systems/media/cabling
• Theft of software and/or hardware
• Theft of proprietary information
• Tampering with OS properties
• Changing data
• Installation of untested/unauthorized software
• Pirated software
• Viruses transmitted/received by employees

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External Threats

• Unauthorized access to user accounts
• Passwords guessing, observing, dictionary
  attack, replay attack
• Solutions encrypt password, complex password,
  random password system, lock users after N
  attempts, biometrics, smart cards
• Physical damage incoming trunks, demarc, vendor
• Denial of service overwhelm the system
• Viruses via Internet, intranet, software
• Eavesdropping to capture and/or modify data
• Phreaking breaking into phone systems

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Viruses/External Attacks at Home

• Why?
• Just because
• Access to sensitive information
• Bank account information, passwords, credit card
  numbers etc. identity theft
• To attack others from your PC
• Why are ADSL and cable modems more susceptible?

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Viruses

• Types
• Worms, Trojan Horse, Macros, boot virus,
  polymorphic, logic bomb, stealth
• Hoax
• Method of transfer
• Boot, email attachment, web scripts, Outlook
  email, infected file, infected Office file (macro)

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The Modern PC begins (1975)
Altair 8800
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Tips!
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Viruses

• Prevention
• Buy, install and update virus protection
• Watch that floppy drive. Consider locking it
• Scan floppies from anyone before executing files
• Dont allow Office documents with macros to
  auto-execute (Tools, Macro, Security)
• Scan all attachments before executing
• Keep up with Windows Critical Updates
• Use a firewall or defensive software (networks)

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Software Protection

• Firewalls
• Software and hardware issues
• Filtering ability
• Caching w/combined proxy server function
• Software for home use
• BlackICE Defender (www.networkice.com)
• ZoneAlarm (free!) (www.zonelabs.com)
• McAfee and Norton

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Spam

• What are the effects?
• 50 of an ISPs traffic
• Additional servers, technicians, customer service
  reps
• 15 of a customers AOL bill
• Worldcom has 30 employees to deal with spam
• Spam police
• Guilty until proven innocent
• Internet Billing Company lost 400,000 in 4 days
  due to blacklisting

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Audio Standards

• MP3
• 128kbps, highly compressed, great support
• RealAudio
• Stream-oriented, lower quality and bandwidth,
  20kbps typical
• Windows Media
• Variable data rate, better than MP3 at same rate
• Quicktime
• Container for a variety of formats, including MP3

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Tips!
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Electronic Conferencing

• When is it appropriate?

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Video Conferencing

• Satisfaction varies
• Directly with number of channels and quality of
  channels
• Directly with degree of participant familiarity
• Inversely with topic complexity
• Inversely with number of participants
• Inversely with number of locations

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Video Conferencing

• Types
• Computer conferencing with or without graphics
• Chat, whiteboard, shared applications etc.
• Audio-only conferencing
• Speakerphones, conference calling etc.
• Sum of noise
• Consider individual mics and stereo
• Difficult for large groups (chaotic) requires
  supervisor

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Video Conferencing

• After newness, limitations become apparent
• Eye contact, lack of physical freedom, dress
• No clear advantage over simple voice
• Reduced awareness of participants reactions
• Voice-activated switching can be distracting and
  misused

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Video Conferencing

• As richness decreases, new groups uncertain with
  regard to authority, norms, and role expectations
• Richness is not overly relevant as long as rich
  audio exists
• Exceptions sensitive, confidential, or personal
  discussions

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Video Conferencing

• As richness decreases, participants find it
  easier to be insincere, say no, argue for
  positions they do not support
• As richness decreases, hierarchies break down
  participants tend to equalize
• Attention focuses on logic, eloquence, style,
  vocal skill (TV mentality)

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Video Conferencing

• Rank reversal
• Familiarity with technology is helpful
• Benefits of electronic meetings
• Productivity, access, timeliness, number of
  issues, more accurate information, improved
  morale, increased cooperation

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Video Conferencing

• Inappropriate use of electronic meetings
• Less expensive, but not always cost-efficient
• May miss critical experiences and knowledge
• Physical meetings often have complex, sometimes
  hidden objectives
• Electronic meetings are often chosen because of
  convenience/inconvenience issues (eg. traffic),
  and not because it is the best choice