Immigration

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Immigration
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• Old Immigration- before Civil War
• Protestant
• Northern and Western Europe (Germany, Great
  Britain, Ireland (Catholic), Sweden
• Most were farmers
• Settled in mid-west and Great Plains
• Skilled
• Homestead Act helped them

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• New Immigration- 1880-1914
• Jewish, Catholic from southern and eastern Europe
  (Italy, Greece, Poland and Russia
• Large increase in s due to easier and cheaper
  travel
• Stayed in cities
• Unskilled workers
• Some escaping religious persecution or genocide

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• Immigrant Experience (New Immigrants)
• Travel
• lowest deck on the ship which was called the
  steerage- cheapest ticket
• packed on boats, disease major problem
• New York City entry at Ellis Island
• Medical exams and list of question
• Those who failed- quarantine and/or sent back

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• Organizations who helped immigrants adjust
• Mutual Aid Societies- Sons of Italy
• parochial schools

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• Help from Political Bosses
• bosses- city leaders who used immigrants to gain
  and keep power
• political machines- created by bosses to maintain
  and extend power
• Used bribes, etc.
• rigged elections, bought votes appointed friends
  to jobs
• helped immigrants but also used them

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• Urban poor
• big city prosperity- increases property
  values/prices
• low-cost housing for immigrants- landlords cram
  many families in small building space meant for
  single family
• tenements- apartments building housing as many
  people as cheaply as possible
• small, poor lighting, ventilation and plumbing
• diseases- poor sanitation
• dumbbell tenements- improved
• airshafts allowed fresh light, but allowed noise
  and smell of garbage and fire hazards
• 50 of New York population in 1894
• Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives

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http//www.lakelandschools.org/lt/NewYorkVM/immigr
ationsweat.htm
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• Work
• Making a living for the poor
• 6 days a week- 10-12 hours a day
• 2-3 per day
• industrial workers
• speed not safety
• garment industry- worst conditions- sweat shops
• child labor
• lowest paid
• into machines
• errands
• if state did allow under 14, family sometimes
  falsified

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• Private Aid to Poor/charity- 92 by 1892
• volunteers- mostly women
• social workers
• Settlement houses- center servicing poor
• Hull House- Chicago- Jane Addams
• Classrooms, coffee house, theater, music school,
  nursery, gym
• Services- educate poor, food and clothing

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http//tigger.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/urbanexp/m
ain.cgi?fileimg/show_gallery.pttgallery5

• http//www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/urbanexp/

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• Social Gospel- Churches should act as Jesus did
  in helping the poor.
• At same time- social Darwinism- Those who do not
  succeed in life have only themselves to blame.
• Salvation Army- William Booth
• Founded in England in 1880
• Slum Brigade

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• Nativist Reaction
• hostility from native-born Americans
• Know-Nothing Party- pledged not to support
  immigrants and Catholics for public office
• reaction to economic pressures cause by
  immigrants
• non-English speaking a sign of not being real
  Americans
• religious prejudice

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Other Immigrants

• Chinese
• Japanese
• Mexican

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• http//www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/angel/g
  allery.htm

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• Chinese-
• Mid-1800s- railroad companies recruited Chinese
  workers
• 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act- prohibited Chinese
  immigrant (used racial theories as reason)

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• Japanese-
• Many came from Hawaii
• By early 1900s reaction to Japanese
• California- restricted immigration

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• Mexican-
• New farmland in Southwest brought Mexican workers
  (1902)
• World War I- increased need to workers
• Restrictions on other immigrants pulled in more
  Mexican workers in 20s