author:

1
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Understanding Europes New Common Foreign and
Security Policy A Primer for Outsiders Michael
E. Smith
IGCC
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
2
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
History of the EUs Security Cooperation
1950s European Defense Community 1960s Fouchet
Plans 1970s European Political Cooperation
(established 1971) 1990s Common Foreign and
Security Policy (established 1991 as
Maastricht Treatys Second Pillar refined by
Amsterdam Treaty, 1997)
2 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
3
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Despite obstacles EU CFSP can develop more
effective cooperation based on

• Common Foreign/Security Interests
• Recent Changes in Decision-Making Mechanisms
• Common European Resources
• Performance Record in Foreign/Security Policy
  Cooperation

3 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
4
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign/ Security Interests European
Political Cooperation (EPC) 1971

• Domaines Réservés certain issues were off
• limits to discussion (i.e. France/African
  colonies,
• Greece/Turkey, and Britain/Ireland)
• Civilian Norms favoring diplomacy over coercion
• and mediation over force
• Emphasized free and open government, respect
• for rule of law, protection of human rights, and
  economic
• liberalism

4 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
5
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign/ Security Interests Maastricht
Treaty 1991

• Safeguarding common values, interests,
• and independence of EU
• Strengthening security of members in all ways
• Preserving peace and strengthening international
  security
• Promoting international cooperation
• Developing and consolidating democracy, rule of
  law, and respect
• for human rights and fundamental freedoms

5 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
6
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign/ Security Interests Lisbon
European Council 1992

• Interests based on
• Geographical proximity
• EU interests in political/economic stability of a
  
• region or country
• Existence of threats to the security interests of
  the Union

6 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
7
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign/ Security Interests Lisbon
European Council 1992

• Areas for potential CFSP actions
• Strengthening democratic principles and
• institutions and supporting good government
• Promoting regional stability cooperation
• Assisting international efforts to deal with
  emergencies
• Strengthening existing cooperation against arms
  proliferation,
• terrorism, and illicit drugs

7 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
8
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign/ Security Interests Lisbon
European Council 1992

• Security issues for potential CFSP action
• Disarmament and arms control in Europe
• Nuclear non-proliferation
• Economic aspects of security, especially
  technology transfer

8 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
9
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign/ Security Interests Amsterdam
Treaty 1996-97

• Reaffirmed commitment to TEU interests
• Extended commitment to preserve peace and
• strengthen international security by including
• external borders
• Included Petersburg Tasks humanitarian and
  rescue
• tasks, peacekeeping tasks, and tasks of combat
  force in
• crisis management including peacemaking

9 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
10
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Decision-Making Principles European
Political Cooperation (EPC) 1971

• Decentralized network of informal discussion
• Decisions based on consultation, confidentiality
• and consensus
• Domaines réservés
• Each issue was considered separately in order to
  avoid trade-offs

10 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
11
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Decision-Making Principles Maastricht
Treaty

• Preserved the framework of EPC
• Significantly scaled back the coverage of the
• domaines réservés
• Sequencing and complexity of decision-making
• reflects the compromises made during Maastricht
  negotiations

11 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
12
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Decision-Making Principles Amsterdam
Treaty

• All members are entitled to full participation
• regarding use of WEU in humanitarian missions
• (Petersburg tasks)
• Those states who do not participate may also be
• involved in planning and decision-making
• Still relies on unanimous decisions, but allows
  for states to abstain
• (if over 1/3 of the states abstain the EU cannot
  act)
• If a state decides to oppose a decision a vote
  shall not be taken

12 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
13
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Decision-Making Principles WEU

• EU/WEU cooperation include
• Consultation/decision-making, particularly in
• crisis situations
• Joint meetings of EU/WEU organizations
• Harmonization of presidencies, rules, and
  practices and coordination
• of staff
• Improved security arrangements with the EU

13 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
14
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Decision-Making Principles NATO

• Cooperation with NATO includes
• WEU active involvement in the NATO defense
• planning process
• Operational links between the WEU and NATO
• for the planning, preparation, and conduct of
  operations
• using NATO assets and capabilities under the
  political
• control and strategic direction of the WEU

14 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
15
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Resources Civilian Resources

• TEU Budget was split into administrative
• (paid with Community budget) and operational
• (to be paid by Community or individual
• states which led to a number of impediments to
  act
• Amsterdam Made clear EC budget is to be
• primary source of CFSP funds and allowed
  abstaining
• states to abstain from payment

15 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
16
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Resources Civilian Resources

• Amsterdam sets out specific funding of
• Elections and participation in democratic
• transition process
• EU envoys
• Prevention of conflicts/ Peace and security
  processes
• Financial assistance to disarmament processes
• Urgent actions

16 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
17
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Resources Military Resources
Maastricht NATO is dominant European security
institution. Also allows EU to draw upon WEU
expertise and resources. Amsterdam EU member
states will also support armament cooperation in
hopes of framing a common defense policy. St.
Malo (1998) Kosovo demonstrated a number of
shortcomings in EUs defense policy which
reinvigorated interest in a common defense
policy.
17 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
18
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Resources Military Resources

• EU has been given the capacity to act alone
• using NATO assets
• WEU
• Eurocorps President, Romano Prodi,
• stated that a common EU army was the logical
  next step
• Defense Industry Commission endorsed idea of
  cooperation
• in arms planning and procurement

18 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
19
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign and Security Policy Actions

• Damage Limitation The EU has not been
• torn apart or derailed in confronting a
• number of problems including
• enlargement
• monetary union
• GATT and WTO negotiations
• future of NATO
• the Balkans

19 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
20
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign and Security Policy Actions
Subjects of CFSP common positions
Afghanistan Albania Angola (2 ) Burundi
(2) Burma/Mayanmar Cuba Haiti (2) Indonesia/East
Timor Iraq
KEDO Libya Nigeria (3) Rwanda Sierra
Leone Sudan Ukraine Ex-Yugoslavia (14)
Biological and toxic weapons Blinding laser
weapons Conflict prevention and resolution in
Africa
20 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
21
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
Common Foreign and Security Policy Actions
Subjects of CFSP common actions
Albania Anti-personnel mines (4) Democracy
Support Congo Democracy Support Zaire Dual-use
technology KEDO Middle East Peace Process
(2) South Africa Special EU envoy/ aid for crisis
management in Africa (3) Stability Pact Central/
Eastern Europe (2) Renewal of Non-Proliferation
Treaty Russian elections observation Ex-Yugoslavia
(15)
21 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
22
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
The Future of the CFSP Obstacles

• Lack of common political will
• Domestic politics
• Resources
• Going it alone States acting independently of
  the EU
• Enlargement EMU
• Lack of cooperation in European defense industry

22 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu For
full text see igcc online http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/slides/
23
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by Michael E. Smith
1998-99 Dissertation Fellow of the
University of California
Tuesday, March 28, 2000
The Future of the CFSP Opportunities

• Humanitarian aid and assistance
• Non-combat related support tasks
• The carrot of enlargement

23 of 23
author Michael E. Smith Georgia State
University Department of Political
Science University Plaza Atlanta, GA
30303 mesmith_at_gsu.edu
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La
Jolla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ?
858.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for
full text see igcc online ?http//www-igcc.ucsd.ed
u/publications/policy_papers/pp52.html