Hydrogen Workshop for Fleet Operators

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Hydrogen Workshop for Fleet Operators
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Module 1, Hydrogen Basics
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Hydrogen Basics Outline

• Why Hydrogen?
• Department of Energys Hydrogen Program
• Presidents Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
• Energy Policy Act of 2005
• Hydrogen Efforts in the United States
• Hydrogen Highway
• International Hydrogen Efforts
• Hydrogen Basics
• Hydrogen Combustion Properties
• Hydrogen Fuel Safety

Bright white blobs show stars formed 5-10 million
years ago, reddish pink clouds indicate hydrogen
clouds where stars are currently forming (NASA)
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Why Hydrogen?

• ENERGY SECURITY

• ECONOMIC PROSPERITY

• ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

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Why Hydrogen? Energy Security
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Why Hydrogen? Energy Security

• Petroleum demand
• Gasoline and diesel fuel are currently above
  3.00 per gallon
• Nations previous high weighted average for all 3
  grades was 1.38 a gallon in March 1981 (3.03 in
  todays dollars)
• Spikes have occurred despite declines in the cost
  of crude oil
• Hurricane Katrina decimated refineries along the
  Gulf Coast cutting 11 of the refining capacity
  for all petroleum products

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Why Hydrogen? Energy Security

• Petroleum demand
• US consumes approximately 20 million barrels per
  day (bpd)
• Over 97 of US transportation fuel comes from oil
• Almost 2/3 of the 20 million barrels of oil is
  used for transportation
• Oil consumption in 2004 was up 3.4 or 2.5
  million bpd
• US imports 55 of the oil it consumes that is
  expected to grow to 68 by 2025

Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy
Outlook 2004
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005
Record Demand Drove Energy Markets in 2004,
Press Release from BP, June 2005
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Why Hydrogen? Energy Security

• Energy demand
• Worlds overall energy consumption grew by 4.3
  in 2004
• Largest-ever annual increase in global energy
  consumption and is the highest percentage growth
  since 1984
• Chinese energy demand has risen by 65 over the
  past 3 years
• China now consumes 13.6 of the worlds total
  energy

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005
Record Demand Drove Energy Markets in 2004,
Press Release from BP, June 2005
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Why Hydrogen? Environmental Stewardship

• Environmental protection
• Hydrogen can be used in vehicles powered by
  either internal combustion engines (ICEs) or fuel
  cells
• Near-zero (ICEs) or zero (fuel cells) emissions
• When produced from renewable sources, the entire
  chain of processes (fuel production through
  end-use in a vehicle) results in extremely low
  environmental impacts

This is what hydrogen will eliminate
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Why Hydrogen?

• Resource flexibility
• Hydrogen can be generated from a variety of
  feedstocks like fossil fuels (oil, coal) and
  renewable sources (biomass, sunlight).
• Because hydrogen exists in many different forms,
  in any one region, there are a variety of local
  feedstocks from which the hydrogen can be
  extracted

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Hydrogen Experience

• Hydrogen was first produced in the 1400s when
  early European experimenters dissolved metal in
  acids
• Sir William Robert Grove used electricity to
  split hydrogen and oxygen in 1839
• Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer coin the term
  fuel cell in 1889
• First fuel cell powered vehicle in the world is
  demonstrated in 1959
• Used since the early 1960s to power NASAs space
  vehicles

Fuel cell design by Mond and Langer, 1889
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Presidents Hydrogen Fuel Initiative

• 1.2 billion Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to reverse
  USs growing dependence on foreign oil
• Lower the cost of hydrogen enough to make it cost
  competitive with gasoline by 2010
• FY 2004 appropriation 156 million
• FY 2005 appropriation 225 million
• FY 2006 request 260 million
• Advance the methods of producing hydrogen
• Provide RD for hydrogen storage

US Department of Energy, Hydrogen, Fuel Cells
Infrastructure Technologies Program Presidents
Hydrogen Fuel Initiative, May 2005
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DOEs Hydrogen Program
, 22 per hp
Chalk, Steven, DOE Hydrogen Program Overview
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DOEs Hydrogen Program
Chalk, Steven, DOE Hydrogen Program Overview
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DOEs Hydrogen Program

• Energy Policy Act of 2005
• 7 Federally sponsored and funded programs for
  hydrogen-related activities (vehicles, fuel
  cells, storage, production, infrastructure)
• 509 million for FY 2006
• 567 million for FY 2007
• 663 million for FY 2008
• 745 million for FY 2009
• 899 million for FY 2010

President George Bush Signs the Energy Policy Act
of 2005
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California Hydrogen Highway
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California Hydrogen Highway

• Governors Vision
• Every Californian has access to hydrogen along
  the States major highways by 2010
• Early network of 150 to 200 fueling stations (1
  station every 20 miles)
• Initial low-volume fueling network will cost 75
  to 200 million
• Station concentrations in LA, Sacramento, San
  Diego and San Francisco

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger
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Illinois Hydrogen Highway

• Network of demonstration projects to promote
  hydrogen-based technologies
• First conceived as part of the Illinois 2H2
  report
• Northwest Chicagoland International Airport in
  Rockford
• Combines solar, wind and hydrogen technologies
  for airport support vehicles
• Heat and power for the airport building

Terminal at Northwest Chicagoland International
Airport in Rockford, IL
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Northern H Project

• Establish a multi-fuel hydrogen network in the
  upper Midwest
• Produce and provide hydrogen made from wind,
  biomass, solar, hydro and coal resources
• Place 9 or 10 stations 125 miles apart
• Stations would link urban centers along Manitoba,
  the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin and
  link up with the Illinois Hydrogen Highway
• Project still not funded

Northern H Project Hydrogen Highway
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New York Hydrogen Highway
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International Hydrogen Efforts

• Europe
• 2 billion Euro hydrogen vision designed to bring
  hydrogen technologies closer to large scale
  commercial viability
• Hydrogen supply based on renewable sources by
  2050
• 70 on-going RD projects
• Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE)
• 27 hydrogen powered buses serving 9 cities
• Development of hydrogen infrastructure

CUTE Transit Bus
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European Hydrogen Production
Shell Hydrogen
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International Hydrogen Efforts

• Iceland
• Worlds first public commercial hydrogen fueling
  station in the Icelandic capital of Reykjavik
• Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS)
• Operate a small fleet of hydrogen fuel cell buses
  that run on hydrogen produced by water

Hydrogen Fueling Station in Reykjavik, Iceland
Bramford, David, Iceland Landmark Gas Station,
BBC News, April 2003
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International Hydrogen Efforts

• Japan
• Research fuel cell technologies since the 1980s
• Created the Clean Energy Network Using Hydrogen
  Conversion in 1992
• Goal to facilitate the commercialization of fuel
  cells
• 10 year program on hydrogen RD
• Replaced by the New Hydrogen Project

Liquid Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen Supply
Facility Ariake, Japan
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Japanese Hydrogen Production
Shell Hydrogen
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International Hydrogen Efforts

• Canadian Hydrogen Highway
• Coincide with the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in
  Whistler, BC
• Create small number of hydrogen stations by 2008
• Focal point between Vancouver International
  Airport, the City of Vancouver, and Whistler with
  branches connecting Victoria, North Vancouver,
  University of British Columbia and Surrey
• Plan to link to similar projects in Alberta and
  California

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International Hydrogen Efforts

• International Energy Agencys (IEA) Hydrogen
  Program
• Established in 1977 with 15 member countries
• Global resource for technical expertise in
  hydrogen
• Vision
• Hydrogen future based on a clean sustainable
  energy supply
• Mission
• Accelerate hydrogen implementation and widespread
  utilization
• Strategy
• Facilitate, coordinate, and maintain innovative
  RDD through international cooperation and
  information exchange

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International Hydrogen Efforts

• International Partnership for the Hydrogen
  Economy (IPHE)
• Purpose
• Provides a mechanism for partners to organize,
  coordinate and implement effective, efficient,
  and focused international research, development,
  demonstration and commercial utilization
  activities related to hydrogen and fuel cell
  technologies
• provides a forum for advancing policies, and
  common technical codes and standards that can
  accelerate the cost-effective transition to a
  hydrogen economy
• Educates and informs stakeholders and the general
  public on the benefits of, and challenges to,
  establishing the hydrogen economy

International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy
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Hydrogen Basics

• Simplest, lightest, and most plentiful element
  (1 on Periodic Table)

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Hydrogen Basics

• Diffuses Rapidly
• Rises 2 times faster than helium and 6 times
  faster than natural gas (hydrogen will escape up
  and away from the user)
• Dilutes quickly into a non-flammable
  concentration
• At room temperature, hydrogen is a very light gas
• Colorless, odorless, tasteless, nonpoisonous gas
• Will not contribute to groundwater pollution
• Second lowest boiling and melting points of all
  substances, second to helium
• Liquid below its boiling point of 20K (-423?F,
  -253?C)
• Solid below its melting point of 14K (-434?F,
  -259?C)

Nuclei
Hydrogen Molecule
0K (absolute zero) is the lowest temperature in
the universe at which molecular motion stops.
Temperatures below -100?F are known as cryogenic
temperatures and liquids below this temperature
are cryogenic liquids
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Hydrogen Basics

• Detectability
• Odorless, tasteless, and colorless
• Sensors can be used to detect hydrogen in
  enclosed areas
• No known odorants, such as mercaptans and
  thiophanes (as used in natural gas), can be used
  with hydrogen since the sulfur contaminate fuel
  cells
• Toxicity
• Non-toxic and nonpoisonous does not create
  fumes
• Asphyxiation
• Hydrogen is of no more concern than other gases
• In open areas, hydrogen disperses rapidly

College of the Desert, Module 1, Hydrogen
Properties, Revision 0, December 2001
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Hydrogen Leakage
PROPERTY
HYDROGEN
METHANE
PROPANE
GASOLINE
Molecular Weight
2.02
16.04
44.06
107
Density of Gas (lb/ft3)
5.210-3
0.04
0.12
0.27
Viscosity of Gas at NTP (g/cm-s)
8.910-5
11.1710-5
810-5
5.210-5
Diffusion Coefficient in still air at NTP (cm2/s)
0.51
0.16
0.12
0.05
Buoyancy (density relative to air)
0.07
0.55
1.52
3.4-4.0
Natural Resources Canada, Transforming the
Future Moving Toward Fuel Cell-Powered Fleets in
Canadian Urban Transit Systems, February 2005
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Hydrogen Dissipation
Relative Dissipation Hazard of Hydrogen
Diffusion Coefficient in Air
Vapor Density at NTP (lb/ft3)
Buoyancy in Air at NTP
Vapor Density at NBP (lb/ft3)
Buoyancy in Air at NBP
Rank in Confined/ Unconfined Areas
Fuel
Hydrogen
0.61
Positive
Negative
Level 5/1
0
0.0052
Natural Gas
0.16
Positive
Negative
Level 4/1
0
0.04
Propane
0.12
Negative
Negative
Level 2/3
Unknown
0.12
Gasoline
0.05
Negative
Negative
Level 1/4
0
0.27
Diesel
lt0.10
Negative
Negative
Level 1/5
Unknown
0.44
Air
Negative
0
0.07
Level 1 low, Level 2 minor, Level 3
moderate, Level 4 high, Level 5 severe
Natural Resources Canada, Transforming the
Future Moving Toward Fuel Cell-Powered Fleets in
Canadian Urban Transit Systems, February 2005
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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

• Energy Content of Comparative Fuels

College of the Desert, Module 1, Hydrogen
Properties, Revision 0, December 2001
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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

• Energy Density of Comparative Fuels

College of the Desert, Module 1, Hydrogen
Properties, Revision 0, December 2001
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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

• Flashpoint of Comparative Fuels
• Explosions
• An oxidizer, like oxygen must be present
• Little chance to explode in air due to its
  buoyancy
• Cannot occur in a tank or contained location that
  only contains hydrogen

College of the Desert, Module 1, Hydrogen
Properties, Revision 0, December 2001
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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

• Wide Range of Flammability
• Hydrogen can be combusted in a wide range of AFRs
  (341 to 1801)
• Stoichiometry 14.71 for gasoline, 341 for
  hydrogen
• Can run on a lean mixture (better fuel economy
  and more complete combustion)
• Lean mixture can reduce power output of the
  engine
• Lower combustion temperatures result in lower NOx
  levels

College of the Desert, Module 1, Hydrogen
Properties, Revision 0, December 2001
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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

• Handling
• Can be handled as safely as any other fuel
• Different combustion properties than gasoline or
  diesel

Octane Numbers of Comparative Fuels
College of the Desert, Module 1, Hydrogen
Properties, Revision 0, December 2001
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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

• Low Radiant Heat
• Significantly less radiant heat than a
  hydrocarbon fire
• Due to low levels of heat near the flame, risk of
  secondary fire is lower

Hydrogen Flames
Hydrocarbon Flames
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Module 1, Hydrogen Basics