Growth and Development

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Growth and Development
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What is growth?

• an increased body weight until mature size
• Increased cell size
• Increased cell number
• Increased muscle, bone, and CT
• Organs are mature

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What is development?

• coordination of all bodily processes to obtain
  maturity
• Cell growth
• Cell differentiation
• Changes in body shape and form

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Prenatal Growth and Development

• Three phases of prenatal development
• Sex cells
• Embryonic stage
• Fetal stage

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Day 1 to Day 14
Single Cell
Morula
Blastocyst
2 cavities formed
Neural Tube Formation
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Prenatal Growth and Development

• Early development
• Head is larger that the body
• Limbs develop
• Tissue Growth
• CNS development
• Organ development

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Cell Differentiation
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Prenatal Growth and Development

• Muscle Development
• Hyperplasia
• Hypertrophy

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Prenatal Growth and Development
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Postnatal Growth and Development

• Growth is via hypertrophy
• Muscle Fiber Type
• Red Red and White
• Body shape is still disproportioned
• BW 5 7 mature weight
• Distal limbs are more developed than proximal
  limbs
• Leg length is 60 of mature leg length

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Anatomy Physiology

• Anatomy physical structure makeup of an
  organism
• Physiology function of an organisms body
  system(s)

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Anatomy Physiology

• Tissue specialized group of cells that work
  together to obtain one goal
• Tissue types
• Muscle
• Nerves
• CT
• Organ group of tissues that perform a specific
  function
• System group of organs that function together
• Reproductive, digestive, circulatory,
  respiratory, etc.

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Skeletal System

• Bones, joints, cartilage, teeth
• Protects organs
• Gives the body its shape
• Stores minerals
• Ossification the process of cartilage turning to
  bone as the animal matures

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Skeletal System
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Muscle System

• Types of muscle cells

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Major Muscles
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Muscle System

• Power muscle converts chemical energy to
  mechanical energy
• How much work can be accomplished within a fixed
  period of time
• Result of speed and strength of muscle
  contraction
• Strength amount of force/power the muscle can
  exert
• Endurance length of time that specific amount of
  force/power can be exerted by the muscle
• Without being fatigued

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Muscle System

• Fiber Type
• White
• Fast-twitch
• Good for power
• Anaerobic activity
• Large Diameter
• Red
• Slow-twitch
• Aerobic activity
• Small Diameter

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Circulatory System

• System transports oxygen, nutrients, waste
  products, and hormones throughout the body
• Heart pump
• Arteries vessels that move blood away from the
  heart
• Veins vessels that move blood to the heart
• Lymph transport intercellular fluid from
  tissues to the heart

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Endocrine System

• Produce hormones needed for growth, maintenance,
  and reproduction
• Hormone chemical substance that affects a
  gland, organ, or body tissue

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Growth Curves
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Carcass Composition

• Major Components
• Fat
• Amount depends on specie
• Lean (muscle)
• Largest compositional make-up
• Bone
• Low compositional make-up

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Carcass Composition

• Frame Size
• Measured by hip height
• Earlier-maturing increased fat content earlier
  in life
• Later-maturing increased frame size and
  decreased fat

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Carcass Composition

• Gender

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Carcass Composition

• Muscling

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Age Determination

• Physiological
• Chronological

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How can we measure growth?

• Average Daily Gain (ADG)
• W2 - W1
• T2 - T1

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How can we measure growth?

• Example
• Beginning weight 650lbs
• Ending weight 1300lbs
• Starting weight date Jan 1
• Ending weight date July 28

1300 650 210-1
650 209
3.11 lbs / day
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• Chapter 18 Growth and Development
• What is growth?
• What is development?
• How does prenatal development differ than
  postnatal?
• What is anatomy?
• What is physiology?
• Understand the different systems discussed.
• Know the basic growth curve.
• Know how frame size, gender, and muscle can
  affect carcass composition.
• How can age be determined?
• Know what ADG is and how to calculate it.