WP2300 Space Segment Concepts

1
WP2300 Space Segment Concepts

• Paul S. Monks, John J. Remedios, Gary K. Corlett
  and Simon Good
• Space Research Centre
• University of Leicester

2
Aims

• The objective of this work within the CAPACITY
  study is to
• Identify the requirements for an integrated
  observing system focussed on the target
  applications
• The aims of this work within the CAPACITY study
  are
• To provide a vision of integrated observing
  systems for the target applications
• To identify ground-based, airborne and
  space-based components to the system that would
  add value (information) to observables directly
  required/measured by existing/potential new
  systems,
• To consider the most pressing application
  questions and make recommendations as to
  potential elements of appropriate space-based
  observing systems.

3
Broad recommendations

• With respect to a space segment of a measuring
  system for operational monitoring, it is clear
  there are three overall requirements that cannot
  be met by current or planned systems
• High temporal/spatial resolution space-based
  measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition
  for application to AQ
• High vertical resolution measurements in the
  UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications
• High spatial/high precision monitoring of
  tropospheric climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and
  aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations

4
How do we arrive at this?

• Air Quality (B)
• Climate Applications (C)
• Ozone and UV (A)

5
Information requirements
From GMES-BICEPS-AQ-Fiche
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End user requirements
Applications
Reduction of uncertainties
Data assimilation
Air quality Management and Forecast



Dedicated satellite observations
Existing satellite observations O3, NO2, CO
CAPACITY (ESA)
PROMOTE (ESA) GEMS (CE)
Ground based measurements
PROMOTE (ESA)
O3, NO2, CO
System Concept for AQ
7
Current Capabilities
MOSAIC - in-service aircraft
EMEP ground based network
EARLINET - LIDAR network
Satellite Science and operational
AQ forecasts
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AQ Simplified Requirements

• Instruments should be sensitive to the Planetary
  Boundary Layer (PBL).
• Re-visit times of 2 hours are threshold
  requirements
• Horizontal resolutions should ideally be better
  than 20 km with a target of 5 km.
• Night-time measurements would be ideal, as well
  as daytime measurements.
• Both trace gases and aerosol information are
  required
• major trace gases are O3, CO, NO2, SO2, HCHO,
  H2O and nitrogen species
• AQ rapid-revisit time mission

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AQ Mission Analysis

• Metop provides a basic set of measurements
  through GOME-2 (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO) and IASI
  (CO). Aerosol information is likely to be
  available from GOME-2 and AVHRR but with caveats
  on uncertainty and spatial resolution achieved.
• Combination of O3 data from GOME-2 and IASI could
  provide greater height resolution in the PBL and
  free troposphere. Development work to support
  this product is highly recommended.
• Similar work could be performed for CO with
  advantage if a shortwave infra-red (SWIR)
  instrument could be flown to complement MetoP.
• Re-flight of an existing aerosol instrument
  could deliver required aerosol information at 550
  nm. A new instrument achieving better uncertainty
  performance is highly desirable.
• Re-flight of an ice-free SCIAMACHY nadir near
  infra-red instrument could give better
  information on CO.
• The greatest requirement for the mission is
  frequent re-visit time (lt 2 hours) as well as
  high spatial resolution (lt20 km). This is not met
  by existing orbital elements such as MetOp and is
  necessary to meet existing basic operational
  modes.

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Order of importance
AQ consolidated requirements (with ability to
meet them mapped on)
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AQ Mission Concept

• Frequent re-visit time and high spatial
  resolution (lt20 km)
• Options could be GEO or LEO or a combination of
  both.
• If LEO, then an enhancement of the Metop/NPOESS
  systems would be necessary both for complement of
  species and for coverage/spatial resolutions.
• Species O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, CO, aerosol AOD (550
  nm), multi-spectral AOD for aerosol size.
• Instruments are likely to be UV-visible (O3, NO2,
  SO2, HCHO, aerosol) and mid infra-red (MIR) or
  SWIR for CO. The MIR can also supply
  complementary information for O3 and possibly
  nitrogen species.
• There is a requirement for an enhanced aerosol
  instrument/system delivering uncertainties of lt
  0.05 in aerosol optical depth at 10 km spatial
  resolution and enhancing our ability to
  discriminate aerosol type.
• Limb instruments would enable better correction
  for upper parts of NO2, O3, CO columns.

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B1 (Consolidated) Air Quality Protocol
Monitoring Satellite Component Evolution
Minimum Specification
GOME-2 Column O3, NO2, SO2, H2CO Column AOD
MODIS,MISR, POLDER Column AOD (550 nm)
IASI CO Col/Profile
Combined UV/VIS IR O3 Profiles B2 H2O
Profiles (Data)
IASI B2 H2O Col/Profile
SCIA NADIR NIR CO
Meets Significant Capacity Capability
NEW Combined CO Profiles (Data)
PRIORITY
B1 SPECIES Improved Revisit Times Improved
Horizontal Resolution lt 2 hrs lt 20 km
B1 Species O3, CO, NO2, SO2, H2CO For B2, B3
add H2O Nitrogen species are N2O5, HNO3, PAN,
organic nitrates Aerosol OD (550
nm) Multi-spectral AOD and type should be lt 2
hours re-visit time but accept high spatial
resolution (5 km) would be a trade-off. Note PBL
sensitivity is mandatory for all
measurements Night-time data are important
NEW AEROSOL Multi-spectral Column AOD AOD lt 0.05,
10 km
NEW Nitrogen B3 Species
NEW AEROSOL Type lt10 mis-assign
Ultimate Specification
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Recommendation

• Both GEO and LEO options should be studied.
• Priority 1 is to achieve the re-visit time with
  high spatial resolution as the 2nd priority.
• A key decision concerns our ability to measure
  CO. Flight of both a MIR and SWIR instrument
  would provide the greatest performance but would
  add to mission complexity.
• Multi-spectral aerosol information with improved
  uncertainty (equivalent to lt0.05 nm at 550 nm)
  would be ideal. Aerosol type measurements are
  also useful.

14
Climate

• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of
  mission
• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having
  different drivers have overlapping solution

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End users requirements Applications
Reduction of uncertainties
Protocol Monitoring

Space-borne profile e.g. H2O profiles
Current Data AIRS, SCIA
EVERGREEN (EC) GEMS (CE)
Future Missions e.g. OCO, GOSAT
Ground-based monitoring
CO2, CH4, CFC
Application Unproven
System Concept for Climate Protocol Monitoring
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CO2 columns (cloud flagged)
CO2 columns with column errors lt 3
A priori surface pressure
A priori surface albedo
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C1/C2 consolidated requirements (with ability
to meet them mapped on)
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Protocol Monitoring

• The mission seeks to measure greenhouse gases, CO
  and aerosols.
• The mission is intended to be global and have PBL
  sensitivity for CH4, CO2, CO, NO2.
• The chief targets are CO2, CH4, CO, O3, NO2,
  aerosols
• Stratospheric aerosol measurements could be
  important during volcanic loading periods (e.g.
  Pinatubo) to ensure good tropospheric aerosol
  data.

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C1 Climate Protocol Monitoring Satellite
Component Evolution
Minimum Specification
IASI CH4, CO, CO2, O3 GOME-2 O3, NO2 Column AOD
(550 nm) Absorbing aerosol OD
TOMS, MODIS, MISR, POLDER Equivalent Column AOD
(550 nm)
SCIA NADIR NIR CH4, CO, CO2,
Combined UV/VIS/NIR IR O3, CO Profiles (Data)
PRIORITY
NEW NADIR NIR CH4, CO CH4 error (2) Improved
Spatial Resolution 10 km
SAGE equivalent Strat. Aerosol
NEW NADIR UV/VIS O3, NO2 Improved
Spatial Resolution10 km Improved re-visit
times 12 hours
NEW AEROSOL OD 0.05 uncertainty 550 nm Absorbing
Aerosol OD 0.01 uncertainty Improved re-visit
times 6-12 hours
CH4, CO2, CO and NO2 measurements should be PBL
sensitive. Note CO2 CO2 (highlighted in red)
information does not meet capacity requirements
but could be sufficient for some user services
NEW CO2 CO2 error (PBL)
Ultimate Specification
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Near real-time/ Assessment

• Near real-time
• The mission seeks to derive climate information
  in near real-time
• This mission concept is driven by NRT system
  assimilation and the improvement in
  representation of climate from assimilation of
  observations for rapidly varying
• The targets are H2O (very important), O3,
  aerosols/cirrus, stratospheric tracer
  information.
• Stratospheric aerosol is required as well as
  tropospheric aerosols
• Assessment
• The mission seeks to provide a fundamental
  capability for scientific assessment of the
  climate system.
• The mission targets can be sub-divided into
  radiative forcing, oxidising capacity and
  stratospheric ozone.
• There are many target species and domains but the
  UTLS is particularly important.
• Vertical resolution and no. of species is more
  important than re-visit times.

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C2 Climate Near Real Time Data Satellite
Component Evolution
Minimum Specification
IASI O3, H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O GOME-2 AOD 550 nm
Absorbing Aerosol OD
SAGE Strat. Aerosol
TOMS, MODIS, MISR, POLDER Column AOD (550 nm)
Meets Significant Capacity Capability
CURRENT LIMB C2 Species
NEW LIMB IR or Microwave C2 Species Improved
vertical resn 2 km horizontal resolution 50 km
PRIORITY
NEW C2 Species Improved revisit times. H2O (1-6
nhrs) O3 (6 hours) Improved Horizontal Spatial
Resolution 50 km
NEW AEROSOL OD 0.05 uncertainty 550 nm Absorbing
Aerosol OD 0.01 uncertainty Cirrus OD
100 Improved re-visit times 1-6 hours
NEW CH4, N2O Tropospheric columns CH4 error
2 Improved spatial resn. 10 km
C2 Species H2O, O3, CH4, N2O (SF6 and CO2 as
alternative tracers) Aerosol OD Cirrus
OD Stratospheric Tracers
NEW CO2 CO2 error (PBL)
Ultimate Specification
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Climate Assessment consolidated requirements
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C3 Climate Scientific Assessment Satellite
Component Evolution
Minimum Specification
Integrated Approach
Metop IASI Nadir IR FTS O3, H2O, CO, C2H6, CH4,
N2O Nadir UV-VIS O3, H2O, NO2, CH2O, Aerosol,
Solar irradiance
Meets Significant Capacity Capability
CURRENT Limb IR FTS IR species
PRIORITY
Combination O3 profiles (data)
Oxidising Capacity
NEW SCIA NIR CH4, CO CH4 error lt 2 Horiz resn
lt 10 km
Meets Significant Capacity Capability
PRIORITY
NEW Trop Aerosol 0.05 nm 10 km
Radiative Forcing
CURRENT Limb Microwave (in addition to Limb
IR) O3, H2O (clouds) Cirrus OD, ClO (MS), SO2
(enh.)
IR species O3, H2O, CO, HNO3, H2O2, CH3COCH3,
PAN, C2H6, CFCs, HCFC, PSCs, CH4, N2O, SF6, N2O5,
ClO (LS), ClONO2, SO2 (enh.)
SAGE equivalent Strat. Aerosol
New Occultation or Microwave HCl
Meets Significant Capacity Capability
Ozone
Ultimate Specification
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Climate Summary

• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of
  mission
• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having
  different drivers have overlapping solution in
  terms of instrument suite

25
Climate Summary

• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of
  mission
• GHG monitoring mission
• Could be met by additional SWIR channel
• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having
  different drivers have overlapping solution in
  terms of instrument suite
• Limb viewing-climate gas mission scenario
• (Later overlap with Ozone and UV)

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Ozone and UV

• Many of the requirements can be met by existing
  systems
• But

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System concept for O3/UV
End users requirements Applications
Reduction of uncertainties
Ozone Trend Assessment, Polar O3 monitoring,
U/V forecast

Dedicated satellites O3 profiles, strat
(H)CFCs, H2O, CH4, aerosols T, PSCs, HNO3,
Active Cl/Br
Balloon programme Cly, NOy Recommendation
Existing satellites Total O3, OClO
Surface albedo, tropospheric aerosol,
tropospheric O3
Ground-based measurements
Total. O3, Trop. (H)CFCs
European assessment SCOUT (CE)
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Ozone/UV Satellite (Consolidation)

• For ozone/UV missions, a system can be
  consolidated which
• Delivers O3 columns and UV for Protocol
• Delivers O3 profiles for NRT
• Delivers trace species and aerosols for
  assessment.
• Consolidated system therefore would ideally
  deliver assessment capabilities at a minimum to
  provide all 3 services.

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Ozone/UV Climate NRT/Assessment - Summary of
requirements

• Limb instrument(s) that measures a range of trace
  species and complements the Nadir measurements
  made on Metop/NPOESS.
• Implementation options include a limb-MIR of at
  least 2 km resolution, potentially in combination
  with a limb microwave instrument in order to meet
  the optimal number of requirements.
• A limb UV/VIS system to measure NO2 and
  potentially BrO would be invaluable.
• Solar occultation instruments require
  consideration including re-flight of SAGE III.
• Ground-based systems provide a total ozone
  verification system, validation and source gas
  monitoring, but cannot provide the range of
  height resolved information required.

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A3 (Consolidation) Ozone Layer Scientific
Assessment Satellite Component Evolution
Minimum Specification
A1 GOME-2 Column O3 UV Aerosol Solar
Irradiance IASI UT H2O
SAGE equivalent Strat. Aerosol
A2 SCIA Limb O3
A2 MIPAS O3
A2 MLS O3
Meets Significant Capacity Capability
CURRENT IR A3 SPECIES
A2 HIRDLS O3
NEW IR or MICROWAVE or UV Limb O3 Ver. Res. 2 km,
50 km Inc. UT
CURRENT MICROWAVE A2 SPECIES
NEW IR A3 SPECIES Ver. Res. 2km
NEW MICROWAVE A3 SPECIES Ver. Res. 2km
A3 Species ClO (LS), HNO3, H2O, tracers MIR
PSCs, (H)CFCs, ClONO2 Microwave HCl, ClO (MS),
SO2 (enh)
NEW UV VIS Limb BrO,NO2 Ver. Res. 2 km
OSIRIS NO2
SCIA Limb BrO, NO2
New Aerosol Rev. Time 6-24 hours
Ultimate Specification
31
Broad recommendations

• With respect to a space segment of a measuring
  system for operational monitoring, it is clear
  there are three overall requirements that cannot
  be met by current or planned systems
• High temporal/spatial resolution space-based
  measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition
  for application to AQ
• High vertical resolution measurements in the
  UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications
• High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate
  gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with
  sensitivity to PBL concentrations

32
Specific Summaries
33
Stratospheric Ozone/Surface UV

• Protocol monitoring requirements can be met by
  the planned MetOp and ground-based systems.
• The other stratospheric NRT and assessment themes
  require limb sounding capabilities.
• For NRT, only ozone profiles are mandatory but
  measurements of other species are highly
  desirable ClO, polar stratospheric clouds,
  stratospheric aerosol, HNO3, H2O, tracers, and
  HCl.
• For assessment, all the NRT measurements are
  required with, in addition, HCFCs, ClONO2, and
  SO2 (enhanced).
• A limb MIR system is therefore suggested but a
  limb MM also has significant complementary
  capabilities, particularly in cloudy regions of
  the atmosphere. A limb UV-VIS instrument can
  monitor the important compounds of NO2 and BrO.

34
Air Quality

• All AQ requirements are essentially similar with
  a
• prime requirement for high spatial (lt20 km) and
  temporal (lt2 hours) resolution
• measurements of O3, CO, NO2, SO2, HCHO, and H2O
• with sensitivity to the PBL.
• Instruments types are likely to be nadir
  UV-VIS-NIR with either Short-Wave Infra-Red
  (SWIR) or Mid Infra-Red (MIR) capability for CO.
• For aerosol measurements at multiple wavelengths
  would enhance the system ideally in conjunction
  with night time measurements.

35
Climate

• Protocol monitoring system was notably different
  to those for NRT and assessment.
• Kyoto protocol monitoring demands high precision
  measurements of CH4 and CO (and CO2)
• This builds on the SWIR measurements demonstrated
  by SCIAMACHY.
• Improved NO2 measurements (spatial resolution of
  10 km) would also be ideal.
• It is suggested that climate protocol monitoring
  systems could be combined with AQ systems in the
  evolution of a GMES system.

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Climate (contd)

• NRT Assessment
• The priorities are limb sounder measurements for
  high vertical resolution (lt2 km).
• For NRT, measurements of H2O, O3, CH4, and N2O
  suggest either limb MM or limb MIR
• For assessment, limb MIR is more likely to be a
  priority to measure the large range of necessary
  species to monitor changes in radiative forcing,
  oxidising capacity and stratospheric ozone with
  sensitivity also to the upper troposphere.

37
Broad recommendations

• With respect to a space segment of a measuring
  system for operational monitoring, it is clear
  there are three overall requirements that cannot
  be met by current or planned systems
• High temporal/spatial resolution space-based
  measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition
  for application to AQ
• High vertical resolution measurements in the
  UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications
• High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate
  gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with
  sensitivity to PBL concentrations