FAA CoE for Airliner Cabin Environment Research

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FAA CoE for Airliner Cabin Environment Research

• Auburn University (Administrative lead)
• Purdue University (Technical co-lead)
• Harvard University (Technical co-lead)
• Boise State University
• Kansas State University (KSU)
• Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL)
• University of California, Berkeley (UCB)
• University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
  Jersey (UMDNJ)

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Auburn Research Centers on the Team

• AU Detection Center
• AU Materials Research and Education Center
• Alabama Microelectronics Science Technology
  Center (at AU)
• AU Microfibrous Manufacturing Center (specializes
  in filtration/environmental control/decontaminatio
  n)
• AU Wireless Engineering Center
• National Science Foundation Center for Vehicle
  Electronics (at AU)
• AU Cell Science Center Hybridoma Laboratories
• AU Poultry Research Center (houses AUs new BSL-3
  Lab.)

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Auburn Major Accomplishments

• Biological Detection Relevant to Airliner Cabin
  Effort
• Rapid and reliable B. anthracis (anthrax)
  detection using acoustic wave sensors and Raman
  spectroscopy.
• Filamentous phage (uses virus attachment
  chemistry, not viral reproduction and so safe) as
  a revolutionary alternative to antibodies

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Auburn Major Accomplishments

• Chemical Detection Relevant to Airliner Cabin
  Effort
• Organophosphate neurotoxin (pesticides,
  chemical-warfare agents) detection using
  selective enzyme reactions
• Surface plasmon resonance device for highly
  portable, low power chemical detection.

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Auburn Major Accomplishments

• Novel Sensors Relevant to Airliner Cabin Effort
• Micro- and meso-scale sensor systems for
  chemical, biological, pressure, temperature, and
  gas detection (small footprint, very low power).
• Carbon nanotube-based sensors (potential for very
  high sensitivity).
• Wide variety of acoustic wave sensors (robust,
  reliable, proven).
• Revolutionary magnetostrictive wireless sensors
  and devices (ultimate in sensitivity and wireless
  operation).

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Auburn Major Accomplishments

• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for Sensor
  Communication Relevant to Airliner Cabin Effort
• Patented and commercialized RFID module for
  condition monitoring of the Patriot III missile
  system.
• Development of a 13.56 MHz RFID system (well on
  way to commercialization).
• Program underway for development of a 5.8 GHz
  RFID system (smaller antenna, smaller footprint,
  can beam in power, no batteries needed).

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Auburn Major Relevant Facilities

• Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Laboratory
• Microbiological and Chemical Thin Film Facilities
• Chemical and Biorecognition Interface
  Characterization Facility
• Sensor Electronic Characterization Facility
• Microfabrication Facility
• Microelectronic Packaging Facility
• Microscopy and Analytical Facilities

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Auburn Example of research
Portable Piezoelectric Biosensor for
Quantitative Bacterial Detection
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Evolution of Auburns Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) Effort
1st Generation - mid 1990s Road Bridge Condition
Monitoring Unit(Big, heavy and a power hog)
2nd Generation - turn of millennium Patriot
Missile Container Sensor Tag (STag) (Smaller,
better, cheaper lower power needs)
Next Generation - current development On-Chip
Passive RFID Stag(Tiny, mostly unpowered)
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Auburn Biosensor Chips
Chip installed in package. Package integrates
with 75?l liquid flow cell.
Prototype chip contains sensor coated with enzyme
and an uncoated reference sensor and electrode.
Joint project between Auburns A. Simonian and
Texas AM
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Purdue Indoor Environment Research

• Computational Fluid Dynamics (RANS type)
  simulation of indoor environment
• Large eddy simulation of indoor environment
• Emission and sorption of volatile organic
  compounds
• Studies of chem/bio contaminant dispersion
• Advanced ventilation systems and design guides
• Equipment for environmental control systems
• Control and diagnostics of environmental control
  systems

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Purdue Example of airflow in cabin by CFD
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Purdue Indoor Environment Research

• Computational Fluid Dynamics (RANS type)
  simulation of indoor environment
• Large eddy simulation of indoor environment
• Emission and sorption of volatile organic
  compounds
• Studies of chem/bio contaminant dispersion
• Advanced ventilation systems and design guides
• Equipment for environmental control systems
• Control and diagnostics of environmental control
  systems

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Purdue Sensor Research

• Next Generation Miniature Ion Trap
  Mass-Spectrometers for Chemical Agents and
  Explosives (Cooks)
• Ion Trap Mass Spectrometers for Biological Agents
  Detection (McLuckey)
• Micro-Array Bio-Sensors (reagent-free,
  bio-specific sensing) (Low, Reifenberger,
  Wei, and Kim)
• Nano-enabled Sensors for Chemical/Biological
  Agents and Explosives (Regnier, Raman, Xu, Chiu,
  and Reifenberger)
• Neutron-Based Detection Systems for Chemical,
  Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CRNE)
  Countermeasures (Koltick and Kim)

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Purdue Aviation Research

• Major Airlines
• 3rd Party Maintenance Providers
• Regional Airlines
• FAA and NASA Funded Projects

• Maintenance procedures evaluation
• Process analysis improvement
• Safety analysis management
• Human Factors
• Productivity optimization

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Purdue Health Related Research

• Evaluation and definition of the distribution of
  chemical and biological contaminants
• Assessment of the adverse health effects of
  contaminants
• Analysis of human to human airborne transmission
  of infectious agents

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Purdue Equipment Facilities

• Boeing 727 737 Aircraft
• Jet Engine Test-Cells
• University Owned Airport Dedicated to Research

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Purdue Climate test environmental chambers
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Wireless communication protocols developed for
these sensors
Purdue Video Exposure Monitoring (VEM) System
Wired or wireless sensor data transmission
Geiger-Mueller counter
Radio transmitters
Real-time time stamp Video-link with Sensor data
Sensor arrays Particulate, Gases/vapors,
Radiation
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Harvard Recent examples of IAQ Research

• Health effects of indoor NO2, particles in the 6
  cities and 24 cities air pollution studies-homes
  and schools
• Molds and asthma studies in the 80s and 90s
• Asthma intervention studies of allergens and
  public housing
• Indoor, outdoor and personal risk studies of air
  toxins in NYC, LA, Mexico City
• Source receptor analysis of indoor aerosols

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Harvard Recent examples of IAQ Research

• Cancer and endocrine disruption studies including
  phthalates, pesticides, PCBs, PBDEs
• Exposures to metals and developmental effects
• Transportation studies including cars, subways,
  trains, buses and airplanes
• Asbestos and fiberglass building studies

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Harvard Recent examples of IAQ Research

• Laboratory design and microbiological exposures
• Ergonomic studies of repetitive motions involving
  computer key boards
• Productivity studies in call centers
• Infection control in schools
• Source receptor analysis of indoor aerosols

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Harvard Recent examples of IAQ Research

• Transmission of viruses in office buildings
• Absenteeism and ventilation rates in offices
• Sick building symptoms, perception and
  productivity studies of office workers
• Gene expression of particulate matter collected
  in buildings

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Harvard Air Travel Research

• Onboard exposure studies of CO2, particles,
  ozone, VOCs, allergens, bacteria, fungi, noise
• Building studies of respiratory disease
  transmission applicable to air travel
• Modeling TB infection and transmission on
  commercial airplanes
• Physiological responses to CO2 and reduced
  partial pressure of oxygen basic laboratory
  investigations relevant to airplanes
• Large scale epidemiological studies of
  respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and
  morbidity in general populations including youth
  and seniors
• Large scale studies of health outcomes and
  multiple factors including nutrition, medication,
  exercise, occupation, smoking etc.

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Harvard Boeing 767 Cabin Environment
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Harvard Distribution of Ozone (ppb) for
Winter/Spring and Summer/Fall
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Boise Sensor Laboratory

• Equipment
• Oscilloscopes, Signal generators, Power Supplies
• Microcontroller Prototype Resources
• Burn-In Station
• Software
• Development Systems
• Prototype manufacturing
• PC Boards ( Outside contract)
• Thin Film Hybrids
• Semiconductor Development ( Internal and
  External)
• Trained Personnel

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BoiseIdaho Microfabrication Laboratory (IML)

• The IML is Boises microelectronic device and
  MEMS processing laboratory.
• Air Quality Class 1000
• Processing of complex digital circuits is also
  done using
• Boises computer design tools and foundries.

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Boise Geoenvironmental Research Lab

• Scinco UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
• Shimadzu Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer

• Chemical Analysis Laboratory for the testing and
  calibration of sensors.
• GERL has a complete analytical laboratory for
  performing precision environmental lab work.
• Beckman Multisizer Particle Size Analyzer

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Boise Supercomputing Laboratory

• NSF Major Research Grant
• Hardware
• 64 node, 128 Xeons, 2.4GHz
• Beowulf Cluster
• 64 Gbyte RAM
• 2.5 TB Disk memory
• Interconnects
• 1 Gigabit service/node
• CISCO switched HUBS
• Software
• Linux operating system
• High performance Fortran (network) with open MP
  compiler (node)
• C, C
• Time available to any university researcher

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KSU One of the six environmental chambers
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KSU Another environmental chambers
Evaluation of the thermal and other physiological
stresses associated with elevated activities
while wearing firefighter protective gear.
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KSU Thermal Manikin
Thermal Observation Manikin, Tom, is probably the
most sophisticated non-sweating thermal manikin
in the world
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KSU Particle Image Velocimetry
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KSU Aircraft Cabin Section
Various chemicals are used to treat and
protect aircraft surfaces and components.
There may be out-gassing of chemicals use to
clean, treat, and manufacture furnishings.
Biological growth (e.g mold) may occur in
inaccessible places.
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KSU Aircraft filter test apparatus with aircraft
HEPA filter installed.
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KSUNational Gas Machinery LaboratoryTurbocharger
Test and Research Facility

• The TTRF, the premiere turbocharger test stand in
  the US, provides researchers the ability to test
  improved turbocharger designs that
• lower emissions,
• improve efficiency, and
• increase reliability

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KSU Experimental Numerical Research
Computational modeling along with lab test
data provide researchers the opportunity to
perform what-if design
scenarios without the high cost of
prototypes
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ASHRAE SPC 161P Air Quality Within Commercial
Aircraft (Chair Byron Jones)

Purpose This Standard defines the
requirements for air quality in air-carrier
aircraft and specifies methods for measurement
and testing in order to establish compliance with
the standard.
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LBNL Indoor Environment Department(60
world-class scientists)
Energy use
Building Design and Operation
Concentrations
Exposures
Climate
Health effects
Outdoor Air Quality
Productivity
Activities
Costs
Pollutant Sources
Effectiveness of Control Measures
Research Products Technologies, Models,
Measurement methods, Guidelines, Standards,
Information
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LBNL Examples of IED Research

• Indoor VOCs
• Indoor Particles
• Ventilation and Air Cleaning Technologies
• Epidemiology
• Sensor Development
• Airflow and Pollutant Transport Modeling

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VOC Source Characterization Control

• Measuring indoor VOC emissions
• Evaluating building product selections for source
  control
• Evaluating influence of ventilation rates on
  concentrations

SIP House Modelpredictedvalues
Typical new house
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LBNL Example of facilities
Exterior view of stainless steel environmental
chamber used to study pollutant emission rates
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LBNL Indoor Deposition and Fate of Particles

• Measurements and modeling
• Particle deposition rates in
• buildings envelopes
• engineered cracks
• building interiors
• duct systems and coils
• Particle resuspension rates
• Particle transformation
• Gas to particle conversion

44 ft. Long duct
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LBNL Research on Ventilation and Air Cleaning
Technologies

• Task (personal) ventilation
• Measurements systems for outside air flow into
  HVAC
• Classroom HVAC technology development and
  evaluation
• Particle air cleaning
• Ozone air cleaning

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LBNL Task Ventilation (TV)Flow Visualization

• Supply air labeled with smoke

• Rationale
• Pressure for increased ventilation
• Respiration is only 1/100 of the code minimum
  outside air supply
• TV improves outside air delivery to breathing
  zone without increasing flow

5 L s-1 supply flow
Supply Air Temperature 2 oC Below Room
Temperature
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LBNL Epidemiological Analyses
Assessing Risk Factors for SBS Symptoms in EPA
BASE Data

• CO2 concentrations
• Ventilation rates
• VOC Metrics
• Particle concentrations
• Cleaning practices
• HVAC cleanliness
• Moisture problems

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MEMS PM mass and speciation sensorLow Cost PM
Monitor, Collaboration with BSAC
LBL Sensor development

• Goals
• Measure particle mass with picogram sensitivity
• Particle speciation black carbon, ETS, wood
  smoke
• Miniature
• Low power (portable)
• Reasonable cost

UVIR LEDs
FBAR ARRAY CCD ARRAY
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LBNL Rapid Location of Chem/Bio Sources in
Buildings
Finding the Sources is Critical for Effective
Emergency Response

• Guidance for first responders
• Sensor deployment, operation
• Pre-event response plans
• Training
• Response automation

• Real-time estimates
• Source location, amount
• Future concentrations in rooms
• Response effectiveness

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UC Berkeley Core Capabilities

• Air pollutant dynamics
• physical and chemical processes in enclosed
  spaces
• evaluation of control technologies
• Exposure science
• source-receptor relationships
• health-risk evaluation
• Health effects of air pollutants
• exposure chambers
• biochemical measurements

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UCB Relevant Expertise

• Ozone chemistry on indoor surfaces
• Indoor particle dynamics source
  characterization, transport deposition
• Airborne infectious disease transmission
• Air pollution epidemiology
• Laboratory-based air-pollutant exposure studies
  with human subjects (ozone, fine particles)

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UCB Senior Personnel

• William Nazaroff, PhD (PI)
• Environmental Engineering

Ira Tager, MD, MPH (co-PI) Epidemiology
John Balmes, MD Environmental Health Sciences
Mark Nicas, PhD Environmental Health Sciences
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UMDNJ Ozone in Indoor Settings

• Indoor/outdoor O3 measurements in offices and
  homes
• Measurements of oxidation products, including
  formaldehyde and submicron particles, in offices
  and homes
• Extensive chamber studies of ozone-initiated
  chemistry in simulated indoor settings

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Aircraft Cabin Simulation at Technical University
of Denmark
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UMDNJ Exposure Measurements and Association with
Health Outcomes

• Multi-media exposure assessment and biomarker
  measurements to pesticides and organic compound
• Evaluation of respiratory and neurobehavior
  health outcomes following controlled inhalation
  exposures at environmental levels
• Epidemiological assessment of adverse respiratory
  effects of exposure to air pollutants

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UMDNJ Facilities Relevant to Chemistry in
Aircraft Cabins

• 25 m3 chamber designed to study chemistry and
  chemical exposures in indoor settings
• Real time instrumentation for monitoring ozone
  and size-fractionated airborne particles (gt 0.02
  micron diameter)
• Fully equipped analytical chemistry laboratory
  capable of analyzing gas phase and condensed
  phase pollutants

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CoE Members

• NRC Panel members on cabin environment (Jones,
  Nazaroff, Spengler, Tager, and Weschler)
• Members of International Academy of Indoor Air
  Sciences (Chen, Fisk, Nazaroff, Spengler, and
  Weschler)
• Many of our graduate programs are top ones in the
  nation