Rural Water

1
Rural Water Sanitation SectorStatus Issues

• Presentation before
• Honble Minister of Rural Development
• Department of Drinking Water Supply

2
Indian Scenario

• State subject devolved to Panchayati Raj
• Financial assistance by the Centre under ARWSP
• Over Rs. 45,000 crore invested 37 lakh
  handpumps, 1,73,000 piped water supply schemes
  installed, Guinea worm eradicated
• Rapid Growth in demand temporal and spatial
  shortages
• Equity in coverage, sustainability of sources and
  systems, ground water depletion and emerging
  water quality problems are the main issues

3
Increasing investments
4
Annual Per Capita Availability
Precipitation 4,000 km3
Adequate Water
Water Scarcity
5
Water Usage
Agriculture
90.0
Domestic
4.0
Industry
6.0
6
Goals and Objective

• National Agenda for Governance (1999) -
  availability of potable drinking water to all
  villages in five years.
• Xth Plan target consolidating coverage of all
  villages with safe drinking water by 2007
  tackling slippages in coverage, participatory
  approach with key role of PRIs
• Millennium Development Goal to halve by 2015
  the population without access to safe drinking
  water and basic sanitation

7
Strategy

• Coverage - accelerating coverage of remaining
  NC/PC habitations by 2004, consolidating coverage
  of slipped back habitations by 2007
• Quality institutionalising water quality and
  monitoring systems
• Sustainability scaling up the reform initiative
  for community involvement in operation and
  maintenance of drinking water schemes, rain water
  harvesting, ground water recharge and water
  conservation measures for sustainability of
  sources and systems

8
Norms of coverage

• 40 litres per capita per day (lpcd), Additional
  30 lpcd for cattle in DDP areas
• One hand pump/stand post for every 250 persons
• Potable water source within 1.6 km in plains or
  100 mtrs elevation in hilly areas
• In fully covered States, relaxed norms of 55 lpcd
  with a source within 0.5 km./50 meters elevation
  subject to capital cost sharing by beneficiaries

9
Components of ARWSP
10
Funding Pattern of ARWSP

• ARWSP (Normal) 5050 Central State Govts.
• ARWSP (DDP) 100 by Central Govt.
• Quality SM 7525 Central State
  Govts.
• Swajaldhara 9010 Central Govt.
  community
• Three Programmes 9010 Central Govt.
  announced by PM community

11
Inter State Allocation Criterion

• weightage
  percentage
• Rural Population
  40
• States under DDP, DPAP,HADP
• Special Category Hill states
  35
• NC/PC Habitations (21) 15
• Quality Affected Villages 10

12
Coverage Status (as on 19.05.2004)
13
(No Transcript)
14
Fresh Assessment of coverage

• The Comprehensive Action Plan to cover all
  villages in five years was based on 1991 survey,
  as updated by States in 1999
• Coverage status is dynamic due to
• Increase in population/no. of habitations
• System outliving their lives or becoming defunct
  due to poor OM
• Sources going dry
• Sources becoming quality affected
• Fresh survey of rural habitations taken up in
  2003
• Working Group for Xth Plan estimated slippage of
  2 lakh habitations

15
Water Quality Problems

• Chemical contaminants Geogenic
• Fluoride
• Arsenic
• Iron
• Salinity
• Nitrates
• Biological contaminants - Anthropogenic
• Bacteria/viruses

16
No. of Quality Affected habitations
17
Fluoride

• 36988 habitations
• Sixteen States affected
• 66 million people at risk

18
Arsenic

• 3553 habitations
• 75 blocks in West Bengal affected
• 13.8 million people at risk

19
Tackling Water Quality Problems

• 15 of ARWSP funds earmarked for water quality
  projects
• Tapping alternate safe sources
• Exclusive Sub-missions constituted for remedial
  measures through treatment/removal unit at source
  or households
• - 100 projects sanctioned _at_ Rs. 1231.54 cr on
  7525 funding pattern, 41 completed, powers
  delegated to States since 1-4-1998
• 555 district labs. sanctioned to strengthen WQMS
  
• Institutionalisation of water quality monitoring
  and surveillance through Catchment Area Approach

20
Water Source Problems

• High dependence on ground water (85)
• Over extraction of ground water for irrigation
• Uncontrolled deforestation
• Neglect of traditional practices and systems,
  including rain water harvesting
• Inadequate integrated water management and
  watershed development
• Emerging water quality problems

21
Depleting Groundwater

• Heavy extraction of groundwater, especially for
  irrigation groundwater levels in many districts
  have fallen by more than 4 metres (_at_ gt 20
  cm/year) during 1981-2000

22
Groundwater Prospect Maps

• Preparation of Hydrogeomorphological maps by
  National Remote Sensing Agency on 1 50,000 scale
  showing -
• Prospective ground water zones
• Priority zones sites for planning recharge
  structures
• In Phase I, preparation of 1723 maps in AP,
  Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, MP and Chhatisgarh
  taken up. 1534 maps handed over to States.
• In Phase II, 724 maps in Jharkhand, HP, Orissa
  and Gujarat taken up. 139 completed.
• Cost of the Project Rs. 21.36 Crore
• - Creation of digital data base for ground water
  studies and related applications.

23
Usage of GP Maps by States
24
Promoting Source Sustainability

• 5 of ARWSP funds earmarked for schemes of source
  sustainability
• Manual on rainwater harvesting, and CD on
  different models of rainwater harvesting compiled
• Model Bills for regulating Groundwater
  exploitation circulated to States
• Wider usage of Ground water prospect maps
  prepared by NRSA to plan recharge structures
• Model Bill for Protection of Drinking Water
  Sources and schemes of financing by NABARD to
  support household/individual RWH schemes proposed
  in priority districts

25
Sustainability of Systems

• Systems become prematurely defunct due to poor
  operation and maintenance
• Annual OM cost of assets created under ARWSP is
  estimated at over Rs. 6,500 per annum
• Community involvement necessary for users
  satisfaction and proper maintenance of assets
• Union Cabinet approved introduction of reforms in
  rural drinking water sector in March 1999 with
  community sharing capital cost (10) and
  shouldering full responsibility for OM
• 20 of ARWSP funds earmarked for reform projects

26
Sector Reform Projects paradigm shift
Decentralized local govt.
Govt.
People
Centralized
Supply driven
Demand driven

• 67 projects in 26 states, project outlay Rs.
  2060.45 crore
• 56,400 schemes sanctioned 34,747 completed
  22,605 taken over by community for OM
• 18.6 lakh households participating, community
  contribution Rs. 99.18 crore

27
Swajaldhara

• Reform initiative scaled up throughout the
  country in 2002 as Swajaldhara scheme
• Incorporates the basic reform principles
• Demand responsive
• Community led
• Participatory 10 capital cost full OM cost
  borne by users
• Community/GP free to levy water tariff
• Envisages signing of MOUs with State Govts to
  ensure their commitment to reform principles
• 20 ceiling on reform projects is to be removed

28
Water Supply to Rural Schools

• As per Sixth All India Education Survey (Sep.
  1993)- 3.45 lakh of the 6.37 lakh rural
  primary/upper primary schools still without
  drinking water facility
• Convergence of efforts between Education and DWS
  departments to cover all rural schools within 2
  years
• 2.25 lakh schools to be covered by this
  department and 1.20 Lakh schools by Education
  department under DPEP and SSA
• Special programme announced by the PM on
  15.8.2002 for providing drinking water facilities
  in one lakh rural primary schools

29
PMs Independence Day (2002) Announcement

• Installation of one lakh handpumps
• Revival of one lakh traditional water sources
• Water supply facilities in one lakh rural schools
• First installment of funds already released
• Programme to be implemented in two years (by
  March 2005) with a total outlay of Rs. 720 crore

30
Thrust Areas for the Department

• Putting in place requisite mechanism to monitor
  quality of drinking water
• Devising effective IEC interventions to inform
  and educate people on health and hygiene aspects
  of clean drinking water
• Conversion of ARWSP to reforms oriented programme
• Facilitating rainwater harvesting in rural areas
• Expediting installation of one lakh hand pumps in
  water scarce areas, providing drinking water
  facilities to one lakh primary schools in rural
  areas, reviving one lakh traditional sources of
  drinking water.

31
Agenda for Reforms

• Swajaldhara and Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) -
  vehicles for reforms in water and sanitation
  sectors
• Execution of Memorandum of Understanding between
  State Govts. And Govt. of India
• Review of funding pattern of schemes and
  allocation criteria of central assistance
• Capacity building of PRIs and community level
  orgns by setting Capacity Commuminication Units
  (CCDUs) in States.
• Sector wide approach by pooling in resources
• Restructuring of PHEDs/Jal Nigams in States

32
MOU with States broad content (I)

• Vision statement with goals for the end of the
  Xth and XIth Plan periods
• Comprehensive policy for Water and Sanitation
  sector
• Role of State Government/Nodal Department/
  Panchayati Raj Institutions multi village,
  water quality, system and source sustainability
  schemes
• Transfer of funds, functions functionaries to
  PRIs
• Integrated institutional structure for
  implementation of Swajaldhara TSC
• Annual Action Plans to achieve goals

33
MOU with States broad content (II)

• Empowering PRIs to fix and collect water tariff
• Enabling participation of the poor and
  marginalised groups e.g. women in all decision
  making
• Establishing community based WQMS as per
• Catchment Area Approach
• Agreed Action Framework to be appended to the MOU
  
• Setting up independent monitoring arrangements
• to assess progress and efficacy of schemes
• Slippages from AAF may result in
  reduction/stoppage of GOI assistance

34
Expected Outcomes by 2015

• As per World Development Indicators (World Bank
  2002)
• In 2000, 12 of the population in India without
  access to water to go down to 0 by 2015
• Millennium Development Goal of halving the
  present population without access to safe
  drinking water in rural India is expected to be
  achieved

35
Current Issues

• Conversion of ARWSP to reforms oriented programme
  review of funding pattern of schemes and
  allocation criterion of central assistance
• Launching of community based Water Quality
  Monitoring Surveillance Programme in
  association with Ministry of Health FW
• Introduction of National Water Quality Mitigation
  Programme as a component of ARWSP bridging the
  funding gap
• Approaching Twelfth Finance Commission for
  earmarking of funds to PRIs for
  institutionalization of Swajaldhara

36
Total Sanitation Campaign
37
Sanitation scenario in India

• Sanitation coverage of 1 27 for rural and
  urban areas respectively in 1981
• As per 2001 Census overall 36 (rural-22 )
• 64 of India defecates in open, resulting in
  20,000 MT of excreta everyday endangering
  drinking water sources
• Only 15 of primary schools have toilets
• Persistent high Infant Mortality Rate
• 4-5 lakh children below five years of age die due
  to diarrhea annually

38
Sanitation coverage in S. Asia
39
Government Initiatives

• Focus on Water Supply started in !972-73 through
  ARWSP
• Focus on sanitation was given in 1986 Central
  Rural Sanitation Programm (CRSP) was launched
• CRSP could not accelerate Sanitation Coverage
  because of
• Inadequate emphasis on IEC
• Promotion of a single model
• Heavy reliance on subsidy
• Lack of community participation

40
Paradigm Shift in Approach

• New Strategies experimented in early 90s
• ISP in Midnapur (West Bengal) implemented with
  RKMLSP UNICEF support
• 800,000 toilets (pour flush) constructed without
  subsidy
• A survey conducted through Indian Institute of
  Mass Communication in 1996-97 revealed -
• 55 of private latrine owners were self motivated
• only 2 claimed subsidy as motivating factor
• 51 of beneficiaries willing to spend upto Rs
  1000/ for household toilet
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) launched in 1999

41
TSC Strategies Principles

• Demand driven, participatory approach
• Greater emphasis on attitudes and behavioral
  change through IEC
• Shift from high to low subsidy, with a range of
  technological options
• Implementation of TSC with district as a unit
• Incentive to poorest of poor and community

42
TSC Projects salient features

• Project period upto 4 years
• Funds release in 4 installments
• Baseline survey and preparation of Project
  Implementation Plan (PIP)
• Setting up of Rural Sanitary Marts
  (RSMs)/Production Centres(PCs)
• Demand generation through IEC
• Provision for women sanitary complex
• Focus on school sanitation hygiene education

43
TSC Funding
Subject to a maximum of Rs. 35 lakh
44
Status of TSC (May 2004)

• 398 projects sanctioned
• Ist installment released to 388 projects
• 2nd installment released to 102 projects
• 3rd installment released to 39 projects
• 4th instalment released to 4 projects

45
Status of TSC (Financial Performance)
(As in May 2004)
46
Status of TSC (Physical Performance)
(As in May 2004)
47
Nirmal Gram Puraskar

• Who can Get?
• PRIs ( GP, PS, ZP)
• Individuals
• Organisations
• Eligibility
• Full coverage at household level School level
• Free from Open Defecation
• Free from practice of manual scavenging
• Clean environment maintenance

48
Nirmal Gram Puraskar
(Rs in lakh)
49
Expected Outcomes by 2015

• As per World Development Indicators (World Bank
  2002)
• - In 2000, 69 of the population in India
  without access to basic sanitation
  to go down to 54 by 2015. MDG is unlikely to be
  achieved.
• WB assessment not realistic. Already sanctioned
  398 projects would result in approx. 70 coverage
  of rural households by 2006-07
• All rural schools and Anganwadis targeted to be
  covered with basic sanitation by 2005-06
• Provision of funds is crucial to achievement of
  MDG in rural sanitation sector

50
Current Issues

• Scaling up of TSC projects in all 602 districts
  of the country by 2005-06
• Bridging the funding gap in the Central share of
  funds for scaling up TSC projects to all
  districts
• Approaching Twelfth Finance Commission for
  earmarking of funds to bridge the funding gap in
  States share for scaling up TSC projects to all
  districts
• According higher priority and visibility to
  sanitation programmes Celebration of Sanitation
  Day, Popularizing Nirmal Gram Puraskar etc.
• Inter-sectoral coordination for covering schools,
  Anganwadis

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