CUIN 6371 Models of Teaching

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CUIN 6371Models of Teaching

• Fall, 2003
• Mnemonics and Memory

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Information Processing

• Inductive - Jerome Bruner/
• Hilda Taba
• Deductive - David Ausubel
• Inquiry - J. J. Schwab/J. Richard Suchman
• Jean Piaget/ L. Kohlberg
• Memory - R. Atkinson/J. Levin/J. Lucas
• Creativity - W. J. J. Gordon

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A Wonderfully Effective Modelwith

• a limited set of outcomes
• names, labels, directions, your significant
  others birthday, recalling steps and procedures,
  recalling and saying dialogue, song lyrics, I
  before e except after c, John Deweys
  birthday, and even the height of Mt. Fuji.

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A Wonderfully Effective Model

• Effect Sizes at or above 1.00.

s.d.
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Functions of Memory.

• Temporary Holding
• Mediational Use
• Lifetime

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Stimulus
The amount of information readily available to th
e learner
drops at each successive level
Includes both conscious and nonconscious stimu
li
literally millions of bits per second
Sensory Register Short-Term Memory Active

Processing Long-Term Memory
Usually 5-20 sec. Only a small amount Is stored
here
To retain it must be processed actively
Explicit, processed Memories and implicit Learn
ing -skills and
conditioned responses
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Memory.what do you recall?
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• Bed Quilt
• Dark Silence
• Fatigue Clock
• Snoring Night
• Toss Tired
• Night Artichoke
• Turn Night
• Rest Dress

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Memory is Active, not Passive

• And it is forgiving.

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Mnemosyne In Greek mythology, the goddess of m
emory. A Titaness, she was the daughter of Uranu
s (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth), and, according to H
esiod, the mother (by Zeus) of the nine Muses.
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Mnemonics Use
Attending Linking
Practicing
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• The true art of memory is the art of
  attention.
  
• Samuel Johnson

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2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9


0
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ABC 2
1
DEF 3
GHI 4
JKL 5
MNO 6
PRS 7
TUV 8
WXY 9


OPER 0
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FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE- SULTS OF YEAR
S OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE
EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS
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FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE- SULTS OF YEAR
S OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE
EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS
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FIVE FILES OF FACTS WERE FOUND AFTER THE
CHIEF
OF POLICE LEFT
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FIVE FILES OF FACTS WERE FOUND AFTER THE
CHIEF
OF POLICE LEFT
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A bird in the the hand
Two of of a kind
Paris in in the spring
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Who Studies This Stuff? and Why?

• Richard Atkinson Stanford
• Joel Levin, Michael Pressley,
• et al.- Wisconsin.
• And many others
• Results are ambivalentbut a few things stand
  out
  

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There is always a need for a link between ...

• To Sleep Parallel
• Word

dormir
Coding Link
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Linus and Lucy Viewing a Herd of Cows

• LinusDo they always bring the cows in from the
  pasture at night?
  
• Lucy..Of course, you blockhead. If they leave
  them out overnight they get
  

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Guess what, Biff. After I go to the Post Office
I am going to
the Vet and get TUTORED!
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Learning Can Be Fun

• Jerry Lucas

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Learning is a process of recollection
Socrates The Meno
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Association Learning one thing associated with a
nother
A associated with B
.
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Substitute Word
Ill Ask YOU!
Alaska
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After You AttendWays and Means of Ensuring
Memory
P

• Linking
• Boyles Law

V
P V
V
P
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After You AttendWays and Means of Ensuring
Memory

• Linking
• Substitute Word

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Substitute Word Technique

• One --- Run
• Two---Zoo
• Three---Tree
• Four---Door
• Five---Hive
• Six---Sticks
• Seven---Heaven
• Eight---Gate
• Nine---Wine
• Ten---Den

• Eleven---Eleven (Football)
• Twelve---Shelve
• Thirteen---Hurting
• Fourteen---Courting
• Fifteen-Lifting

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After You AttendWays and Means of Ensuring
Memory

• Linking
• Substitute Word
• Key Word or Phrase

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Key Word System
Bondage to Ignorance
Cave
Escape
Responsibility
Wisdom
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Key Phrases

• EBDGF
• Roy G. Biv
• Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
• Mary Eats Peanut Butter
• In Persia Men Are Tall
• HOMES
• Lucy Cant Drink Milk (50,100,500,1000)
• Every Bible Gets Dusty After Easter
• (Standard
  Guitar Tuning)
  
• King Henry Died Miserable Death, Caught Measles
• (Kilometer, hectometer, decameter, meter,
  decimeter, centimeter, millimeter)
  

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Capitals Always San Agua water If at end - ca
pital same
name as country
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PAM Should Be Here, Dear
N
E
W
S
Western Australia
South Australia
Victoria in her castle in Wales
Anticlockwise
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A Variation on the Theme
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First Chief Judge of Supreme Court of the United
States

• John Jay

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Key Questions About Using Mnemonics

• How best to get learners to attend?
• How often do you review?
• Linking things together
• Who gives the links? Teacher or
  learners?
  
• How is the new information linked to old?
• Use ridiculous associations?

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• Sesquipedalian

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A Few Sesquipedalians

• Brumal
• Discommode
• Mendicity
• Muliebrity
• Omphalos
• Anchorite

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Some Sesquipedalian Sentences

• The revolving lithic conglomerate accumulates no
  congeries of a miniscule, verdant bryophytic
  plant
  
• The temperature of the aqueous content of an
  unremittingly ogled saucepan does not reach 100
  degrees C.
  
• Where there are visible vapors having their
  prevalence in ignited carbonaceous materials,
  there is conflagration
  
• Upon the non presence of the domestic Felis catus
  the Mus musculi proceed to engage in sportive
  capers.
  
• A plethora of individuals with expertise in
  culinary techniques vitiate the potable
  concoction produced by steeping certain
  comestibles.

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More Sesquipedalian Sentences

• It is fruitless to attempt to indoctrinate a
  superannuated canine with innovative maneuvers.
  
• Exigency is the matriarch of ingenious
  contrivance.
  
• The person presenting the ultimate cachinnation
  possesses, thereby, the optimal cachinnation
  
• Members of an avian species of identical plumage
  congregate.
  
• You appear to be inebriated with the exuberance
  of your own verbosity.

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Fears and Phobias

• acrophobia androphobia
• categelophobia ergasophobia
• erythrophobia gynephobia
• pnignophobia ptergophobia
• thanatophobia villophobia

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• Fear of peanut butter sticking the roof of your
  mouth
  
• Arachibutyrophobia

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Okay, now no one gets into Heaven unless you can
answer thisa train leaves Philadelphia at 100
PM going 70 miles an hour. Another leaves Chicag
o at the same time
The Mathphobes Nightmare.
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A New Concept

• Non-Examples
• I wondered whether my Scotch Tape Dispenser had
  enough tape to complete the job. I noticed that
  it didnt and added fresh tape.

• Examples
• Leaving home this morning I had gone but a mile
  when I asked myself whether I actually saw the
  garage door close. I turned around, returned
  home, and, indeed, found that the door was nicely
  closed.

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A New Concept

• Non-Examples
• I remembered that I had not turned off the iron.
  I returned home to pull the plug.

• Examples
• Having handed in my weekly assignment to Prof.
  Jones, I left class early. On my way to the car
  I asked myself whether I had picked up the
  assignment for next week. I craftily sneaked
  back into class only to find that I had the sheet
  in my file folder that I carry everywhere.

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A New Concept

• Non-Examples
• I forgot to have my oil changed last month and
  the entire engine of my new Ferrari froze upor
  was that in my dreams that I won a Ferrari?

• Examples
• Having emailed my mother that I would send the
  recipe that she requested, I woke up at 2AM and
  just knew that I hadnt attached it to my email.
  When I checked with my computer I determined that
  it had been sent

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A New Concept

• I simply forgot to send my girl friend flowers
  for Valentines Day. She is really steamed.

• Examples
• Did I send that check to cover my rent for this
  month? I dont think sosoooooo I called the
  apartment manager and he informed me that he had
  already deposited my check into his account.

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Zeigarnik Effect
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Learning Chains
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Adding Integersto the tune of Mr. Sandman

• When you adding and signs dont match
• (Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom)
• Forget the signs and just subtract
• Then take the sign of the larger number
• (Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom)
• Your problems right and you wont wonder
• -21 12

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The Planet SongShell Be Coming Round the
Mountain

• There are nine old planets moving round the sun
• round the sun
• There are nine old planets moving round the sun
• round the sun
• There are nine old planets moving,
• There are nine old planets moving,
• There are nine old planets moving round the sun
• round the sun
• V, 2
• We have Mercury and Venus, Earth and Mars(Earth
  and Mars)
  
• Then come Jupiter and Saturn, (giant balls, giant
  balls)
  
• At last we have Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

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The Continent Song(Frere Jacques)

• North America
• South America,
• Europe too,
• Good for you.
• Asia and Australia
• Dont forget Antarctica
• Africa.
• Now youre through

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Avagadros Number (Frere Jacques)

• Avagadro, Avagadro
• number please, number please
• 6 times 10 to the 23rd,
• 6 times 10 to the 23rd
• atoms in a mole,
• atoms in a mole

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Mnemonics Use
Attending Linking

Practicing
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We Do Know That

• Practice..not repetitionworks.

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• Now nature herself teaches us what to do. When
  we see in everyday life things that are petty,
  ordinary, and banal, we generally fail to
  remember them, because the mind is not being
  stirred by anything novel or marvelous. But if
  we see or hear something exceptionally base,
  dishonorable, unusual, great, unbelievable, or
  ridiculous, that we are likely to remember for a
  long time. Accordingly, things immediate to our
  eye or ear we commonly forget incidents of our
  childhood we often remember best. Nor could
  things be so for any other reason than that
  ordinary things easily slip from the memory while
  the striking and the novel stay longer in the
  mind.
• Ad Herennium, ca. 1000 BCE

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The case against ridiculous associations
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• If there is to be a use of ridiculous
  associations
  
• Substitution using one object in place of
  another
  
• Action Get movement or action into pictures
• Exaggeration see many items (millions)
• Out of Proportion Larger or smaller than real
  life
  
• Distortion bent or damaged in some way

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Effects of the Memory Model

• Nurturant
• Creative Attitudes and Capacities
• A Sense of Intellectual Power

• Instructional
• Mastery of Facts and Ideas
• Attending Faculties
• A System for Memorization