Congress of Vienna ISMS

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• Chapter 21

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Congress of Vienna1814-1815

• Assembled in Vienna in 1814. Representatives
  from all the states of Europe were there - many
  from defunct states. However, all the important
  decisions were made by the four triumphant Great
  Powers

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• It was the most dazzling political assembly in
  history and it was said,
• the Emperor of Russia loves for them all, the
  King of Prussia thinks for them all, the King of
  Denmark speaks for them all, the King of Bavaria
  drinks for them all, and the Emperor of Austria
  pays for them all.

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• The Congress dances but accomplishes nothing.
• The Congress created an equitable balance of
  power in Europe that lasted until 1914.
• It was the major treaty between Westphalia(1648)
  and Versailles (1919)

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Major Powers

• Great Britain - Castlereagh, Wellington
• Austria - Metternich
• Russia - Tsar Alexander
• Prussia - von Hardenburg
• France - Talleyrand

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Aims and Priorities

• Russia - a free and independent Poland with Tsar
  as king, a Holy Alliance (rule according to
  Christian principles, collective security,
  constitutional governments
• Prussia-increased size, Saxony

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• Austria - protect their lands, limit Prussia,
  Balance of Power
• England - maintain control of the Atlantic
  trade, limit Russia, Balance of Power
• France - recognized as a great power

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Principles of Settlement

• LEGITIMACY - returning to power the ruling
  families deposed by 2 decades of warfare - turn
  back the clock
• Bourbon rulers restored in France, Spain, and
  Naples
• Dynasties restored in Holland, Sardinia, Tuscany,
  and Modena
• Papal states returned to the Pope

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• COMPENSATION- territorially rewarding those
  states which made considerable sacrifices to
  defeat Napoleon
• England - naval bases (Malta, Ceylon, Cape of
  Good Hope)
• Austria - Lombardy,Venetia, Illyria,
  Galicia(Poland)
• Russia - Poland (Tsar is king, Finland, Bessarabia

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• Sweden - Norway
• Prussia - gets 3/5s of Saxony, part of Poland
• BALANCE OF POWER - arranging Europe so one
  country could never again upset the international
  order and cause a general war
• Ignored Liberalism and Nationalism

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Chief menace - FRANCE

• Erect a barrier of strong states around it
• Revived the Kingdom of the Netherlands-combine
  Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) and Holland
• Kingdom of Piedmont restored in Italy (Combined
  Piedmont and Genoa)
• Left bank of Rhine ceded to Prussia
• Austria received Tuscany, Milan, Republic of
  Venice

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• Created the Confederation of German States,
  dominated by Austria
• Switzerlands neutrality recognized

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Enforcement of new Status Quo by

• Holy Alliance
• idealistic and impractical
• Quadruple Alliance
• Russia, Prussia, Austria, and England provided
  for concerted action to stop any threat to peace
  or to the balance of power

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Concert of Europe, 1815-1822

• Series of meetings held by the Great Powers to
  monitor and defend the s.q.
• Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle(1818)
• Congress of Troppeau (1820)
• Congress of Verona (1822)
• Meetings required unanimity, eventually failed

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ISMS

• An ism may be defined as the conscious
  espousal(support) of a doctrine in competition
  with other doctrines
• Often associated with politics/economics

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ISMS - first appeared
Liberalism - 1819 Radicalism - 1820 Socialism -
1832 Conservativism - 1835 1830s - individualism,
monarchism, constitutionalism, humanitarianism 184
0s - Nationalism, communism
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Conservatism

• Protect traditional forms of govt
• respect custom, tradition
• favored by aristocrats, wealthy landowners, and
  peasants
• return to the s.q.
• Allow for gradual change - order and stability
  more important than change

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• Emphasized faith, emotion, authority, religion -
  Anti-Enlightenment
• political authority in history and God
• history is a continuum - society organic, not a
  contract
• self-interest leads to social conflict

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• Edmund Burke, Reflections of the Revolution in
  France, attacks principle of the rights of man,
  tradition important, slow change possible
• Joseph de Maistre, French émigré, the Church is
  the foundation of society, all political
  authority stems from God, Monarchs should be
  stern, no reform, use executioner

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Liberalism

• Rational, power given to a constitutional
  government
• limit right to vote to educated property owners
• closely tied to Enlightenment ideas
• majority are middle class - upper bourgeoisie,
  merchants, business leaders

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• Believed in a balance of power
• free trade (laissez-faire)
• individual freedoms stressed
• thought, religion, press, speech, economic
  opportunity
• These best protected by a written constitution

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• opposed government intervention in social,
  economic affairs
• classical liberalism
• education necessary for individual responsibility
  and self-govt

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Radicalism orDemocratic Republicanism

• Favored drastic, violent (if necessary) change
• democratic government
• practice ideals of the French Revolution
• working class, intellectuals, students
• not widespread

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Nationalism

• Looks to the past, emotional
• proud of heritage, sense of shared experiences,
  dangers,
• common race, language, govt helps
• pride in common cultural heritage regardless of
  political boundaries

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• Could unite
• could cause divisions, persecutions (us vs them
  attitude)
• threatened s.q.
• Chauvinism - extreme nationalism

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Socialism

• Developed in response to industrialization, new
  middle class
• dev in resp to increasing misery of working class
• interested in society - new economic system to
  improve society
• wealth needs to be shared
• variety of approaches

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Utopian Socialists

• Writers, propose reforms
• rich/poor should be more equal
• regulate private property
• industrialism okay, but mismanaged
• organize as a community, not as competing,
  selfish individuals

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Utopian Socialists

• Want to create a harmonious society
• model communities, social workshops, economic
  planning
• idealistic, visionary, impractical - movement
  failed

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Utopian socialist - leaders

• Saint Simon
• stressed industry and science, improve
  conditions of poor, planned economy
• Fourier
• equality of women, against marriage
• Owen - English
• Blanc -
• universal voting rights, govt backed workshops
  and factories to guarantee employment

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Anarchism

• Pierre Proudhon
• What is Property, 1840
• rejected industrialization and govt
• attacked private property - denied justice to the
  common people

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Scientific Socialism (Marxism)

• Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• Freidrich Engels (1820-1895)
• established modern socialism
• created a brutal, militant blueprint for
  socialist working class success
• major ideas in the Communist Manifesto, 1848 and
  Das Kapital

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Marxism

• Stressed Dialectical Materialism
• Theory that explained the history of the world
• all human history is determined by economic
  factors
• history is a history of class struggle
• (rich vs poor, exploiters vs exploited)

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Marxism

• True value of a product was its labor
• Theory of Surplus Value - stolen value of a
  product that capitalists took
• Socialism inevitable
• capitalism contains the seeds of its own
  destruction
• Bourgeoisie vs proletariat
• creation of a classless society

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Marxism

• From each according to his abilities, to each
  according to his needs.
• Let the ruling classes tremble at the Communist
  revolution. The proletarians have nothing to
  lose but their chains. They have a world to win.
  Working men of all countries, UNITE!

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Utilitarianism

• Developed in England by Jeremy Bentham
• devoted to the individual (Community no more than
  sum of individual parts)
• mans aim - to achieve pleasure, avoid pain
• man purely rational

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• Test of any idea,institution - does it work? Is
  it useful? Does it provide the greatest good
  for the greatest number?
• Societys role - provide the greatest
  flexibility, liberty to the individual
• poverty not natural or inevitable
• should try to improve living and working
  conditions

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• Government doesnt get involved in way a business
  is run, BUT should intervene if actions of a few
  lead to misery of many
• modified laissez-faire
• John Stuart Mill - modifies Bentham
• man acts out of peer pressure, habit, not always
  rational
• men and women have right to vote, to education -
  On Liberty started Womens rights movement

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• Support govt aid to those who couldnt help
  themselves
• workers should work through labor unions, other
  organizations to improve conditions

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Romanticism

• Emphasized individual creativity and sensitivity
• opposed classical forms
• encouraged emotionalism, idealism
• revolt against imposed standards and accepted
  authority
• valued the natural, wild, unruly

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• Encouraged diversity
• superiority of the indls soul, emotions,
  instincts
• flexible, flamboyant
• earliest expressions found in Germany (Sturm und
  drang)
• Schiller (1759-1805) William Tell
• stressed independence, emotion, nationalism
• Goethe
• stories full of sentiment, emotion - people
  respond according to their heart

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• Many died young - better to burn out than to be
  rich, fat, bored, bourgeois
• Byron, Pushkin, Lermontov, Galois, Shelley,
  Novalis, Petofi, Chopin, Shubert, Keats

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• Poetry best mode of expression for Romanticism
• William Wordsworth (1775-1850)
• favored simple vocab to describe deep emotion,
  comtemplate nature, intuitive
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1850)
• interested in the supernatural, exotic,
  non-rational
• Rime of the Ancient Mariner, 1798
• Kublai Kahn, 1816

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• George Gordon (Lord) Byron 1788-1824)
• favord liberal causes
• symbol of the freedom fighter
• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
• believed in human perfectability
• complete freedom in thought and action
• John Keats (1795-1821)
• pursuit and worship of beauty,
• Ode on a Grecian Urn, 1821

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• Alphonse de Lamartine (1790-1869)
• 1st to change from classical to romantic style
• Heinrich Heine (1779-1856)
• cutting satirist, splendid lyricist
• Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
• Felix Mendelssohn(1809-1847)

Set Heines work to music
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• Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837)
• created modern,literary lang of Russia
• Novel of 19th century became predominant literary
  form
• Sir Walter Scott (1771-1837)
• adventure-filled novels - Ivanhoe, Waverly
• Victor Hugo
• The Hunchback of Notre Dame
• Les Miserables

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• ART
• John Constable (1776-1837)
• landscape painting
• used greens, not just browns
• J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851)
• vivid use of color and imagination
• powerful atmospheric effects
• ARCHITECTURE
• gothic revival - towers, pointed arches

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Revolutions 1820-1829

• Key Factors -
• nationalism
• liberalism
• industrialization
• romanticism

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Revolutions 1820-1829

• Concert of Europe
• enforcement provisions of CONGRESS
• designed to guarantee stability peace
• Quadruple Alliance becomes Quintuple Alliance in
  1818

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• Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• issued by US, encouraged by GB
• prohibited European intervention in Western
  Hemisphere
• Latin America revolts, 1804-1824

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• Spain (1820-1823)
• revolts
• army troops led by Col Rafael Riego
• opposed persecution of liberals
• crushed by French army

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• Italy (1820-1821)
• The Carbonari - secret liberal-nationalist
  organization - incite revolution
• protest absolute rule of Ferd I (Two Sicilies)
• Austria invaded and suppressed revolt
• Piedmont region revolted in 1821 - crushed

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• Greek Revolt (1821-1830)
• nationalist uprising against Ottoman Turks (part
  of Eastern Question)
• appealed to Romantics
• alliance couldnt agree on actions
• appealed to Christian Europe - eventually receive
  aid from Eng, Fr, and Rus
• Turks defeated at Navarino Bay, 1827
• Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 - recog indep

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• Russia
• Decembrist Revolt, 1825
• crisis over succession
• put down by Nicholas I - came to hate liberal
  reformers
• Created program of Official Nationality
• called for Autocracy, Orthodoxy, National Unity

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• Russia becomes a police state
• no legislative assemblies
• censorship
• controlled university education

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• England
• avoided rev upheavals 1830, 1848
• enjoyed political evolution
• political power shifted from the landed,
  agricultural wealthy to the industrial, urban
  factory owners and businessmen

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• 1815 - severe economic problems
• end of war, industrialization, luddites
• ruling classes refuse help (Tories)
• Corn Laws, 1815
• suspend Habeas Corpus, restrict meetings,
  newspapers, high tariffs
• Peterloo Massacre, 1819
• Six Acts of Parliament
• Cato Street Conspiracy, 1820

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• 1820-
• Reforms promoted by George Canning and Robert
  Peel(Tory Ldrs)
• abandon Congress of Vienna system
• reform prisons, open trade, etc
• Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829
• 1820
• King William IX replaces George IV
• Whig Party takes over - Earl Gray leader

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• Reform Bill, 1832
• increased number of voters
• eliminated under-populated electoral districts
  (Rotten Boroughs)